CHEMICAL PLANAR ARRAY

1 . A sequencing kit, comprising:

a plurality of particles including:

a primer set attached to a surface of each of the plurality of particles; and

a flow cell surface attachment mechanism attached to the surface of each of the plurality of particles, the flow cell surface attachment mechanism being selected from the group consisting of a capture primer, an alkene, an alkyne, biotin, and a charged polymer; and

a flow cell including a plurality of chemical pads that are spatially separated from one another on a substantially flat substrate surface, each of the chemical pads including chemistry to attach to the surface attachment mechanism.

2 . The sequencing kit as defined in claim 1 , wherein:

each of the plurality of particles includes a core and a hydrogel attached to the core; and

the primer set is attached to the hydrogel.

3 . The sequencing kit as defined in claim 2 , wherein:

the flow cell surface attachment mechanism of each of the plurality of particles is the alkene or the alkyne;

the alkene or the alkyne is a functional group of the hydrogel; and

each of the plurality of chemical pads is poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide).

4 . The sequencing kit as defined in claim 1 , wherein:

the flow cell surface attachment mechanism of each of the plurality of particles is the capture primer;

the capture primer is one of the primers of the primer set;

each of the plurality of chemical pads is poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide); and

the sequencing kit further comprises an azide reducing agent to convert at least some azide groups of the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co -acrylamide) to amine groups that can attach to a 3′ end of the capture primer.

5 . The sequencing kit as defined in claim 1 , wherein:

the flow cell surface attachment mechanism of each of the plurality of particles is the biotin; and

each of the plurality of chemical pads is streptavidin.

6 . The sequencing kit as defined in claim 1 , wherein:

the flow cell surface attachment mechanism of each of the plurality of particles is the charged polymer; and

each of the plurality of chemical pads includes a counter ion of the charged polymer.

7 . The sequencing kit as defined in claim 6 , wherein:

the charged polymer is selected from the group consisting of polylysine, polyethylenimine and polypeptide; and

the counter ion is selected from the group consisting of an oligonucleotide, polyacrylic acid, and polystyrene sulfonate.

8 . The sequencing kit as defined in claim 1 , wherein:

the flow cell surface attachment mechanism of each of the plurality of particles is the capture primer;

the capture primer is CCTCCTCCTCCTCCTCCTCCTCCT (SEQ. ID. NO. 15;

each of the plurality of chemical pads includes a complementary primer of the capture primer.

9 . A method, comprising:

amplifying a plurality of library fragments on respective surfaces of a plurality of particles, thereby generating pre-clustered particles, each of the plurality of particles including a surface attachment mechanism selected from the group consisting of a primer, an alkene, an alkyne, biotin, and a charged polymer; and

introducing the pre-clustered particles to a flow cell including a plurality of chemical pads that are spatially separated from one another on a substantially flat substrate surface, each of the chemical pads including chemistry to attach to the surface attachment mechanism.

10 . A method, comprising:

generating a plurality of chemical pads that are spatially separated from one another on a substantially flat surface of a substrate, wherein each of the chemical pads includes poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide); and

exposing the plurality of chemical pads to an azide reducing agent to convert at least some azide groups of the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co -acrylamide) to amine groups.

11 . The method as defined in claim 10 , wherein the azide reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of a phosphine and a phosphite.

12 . The method as defined in claim 11 , wherein:

the azide reducing agent is the phosphine selected from the group consisting of Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride) (TCEP) and Tris(hydroxypropyl)phosphine; and

exposing the plurality of chemical pads to the azide reducing agent takes place at a temperature ranging from about 50° C. to about 60° C. for a time ranging from about 5 minutes to about 10 minutes.

13 . The method as defined in claim 10 , wherein generating the plurality of chemical pads involves:

applying a sacrificial layer over the substantially flat surface;

applying a resin layer over the sacrificial layer;

patterning the resin layer to include concave regions separated by convex regions;

removing the resin layer and the sacrificial layer from the concave regions, thereby exposing the substantially flat surface at the concave regions;

applying the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide) over the substantially flat surface at the concave regions and over the convex regions; and

lifting off remaining portions of the sacrificial layer, thereby removing the resin layer and the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide) that overlie the sacrificial layer.

14 . The method as defined in claim 10 , wherein generating the plurality of chemical pads involves:

applying the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide) over the substantially flat surface;

applying a sacrificial layer over the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide);

applying a resin layer over the sacrificial layer;

patterning the resin layer to include concave regions separated by convex regions;

removing the resin layer, the sacrificial layer, and the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide) from the concave regions, thereby exposing the substantially flat surface at the concave regions; and

lifting off remaining portions of the sacrificial layer, thereby removing the resin layer that overlies the sacrificial layer.

15 . The method as defined in claim 14 , wherein removing the resin layer, the sacrificial layer, and the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co -acrylamide) from the concave regions involves:

anisotropically etching the resin layer, the sacrificial layer, and the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide) from the concave regions; and

generating an undercut profile by isotropically etching some of the sacrificial layer and the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide) that underlie the resin layer at the convex regions.

16 . The method as defined in claim 10 , wherein generating the plurality of chemical pads involves:

applying the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide) over the substantially flat surface;

applying a sacrificial layer over the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide);

patterning the sacrificial layer to include concave regions separated by convex regions;

removing the sacrificial layer and the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide) from the concave regions, thereby exposing the substantially flat surface at the concave regions; and

lifting off remaining portions of the sacrificial layer.

17 . The method as defined in claim 10 , wherein generating the plurality of chemical pads involves:

using photolithography to generate a plurality of sacrificial pads on the substantially flat surface such that regions of the substantially flat surface separate each of the plurality of sacrificial pads;

applying the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide) on the plurality of spatially separated sacrificial pads and on the regions of the substantially flat surface;

introducing ultraviolet light through the substrate, whereby portions of the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide) overlying the regions of the substantially flat surface are cured and other portions of the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide) overlying the plurality of spatially separated sacrificial pads are uncured;

removing the uncured portions of the poly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide); and

removing the plurality of sacrificial pads.