Ionic liquid electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries
Described herein is a method of preparing an ionic liquid comprising a nitrogen or phosphorus cation and a bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidate (FSI) counter anion; the method comprising contacting a precursor selected from the group consisting of a tertiary amine, a tertiary phosphine, and an aromatic nitrogen heterocycle, with an alkyl bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidate in an aprotic solvent to alkylate the nitrogen or phosphorus of the precursor, and directly form a nitrogen or phosphorus cation with an FSI counter anion.
1. A method of preparing an ionic liquid comprising a nitrogen cation and a bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidate (FSI) counter anion; the method comprising contacting a precursor selected from the group consisting of a tertiary amine and an aromatic nitrogen heterocycle, with an alkyl bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidate in an aprotic solvent, at a temperature of about 20 to 25° C. until the nitrogen of the precursor is alkylated, thereby directly forming a nitrogen cation with an FSI counter anion.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aprotic solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aprotic solvent is acetonitrile.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkyl of the alkyl bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidate is a C 1 to C 6 alkyl group.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkyl bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidate is methyl bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidate.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more carbon of the tertiary amine or the aromatic nitrogen heterocycle bears at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of fluoro, cyano, alkenyl, alkynyl, a carbonate ester, fluoro-substituted alkyl, or cyano-substituted alkyl.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the precursor is a tertiary amine.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the tertiary amine comprises an N-alkyl-substituted 5 membered ring non-aromatic nitrogen heterocycle.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cation is a cation of Formula (I):
wherein:
Z 1 is N;
x is 1;
each of R 1 and R 2 independently comprises a hydrocarbyl group; or R 1 and R 2 together with Z 1 constitute a non-aromatic 5-membered heterocyclic ring;
R 3 is the alkyl from the alkyl bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidate;
R 4 is a hydrocarbyl group; and
one or more of R 3 , R 4 , and the non-aromatic 5-membered heterocyclic ring bears at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of fluoro, cyano, a carbonate ester, alkenyl group, or alkynyl.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein one or more of R 3 , R 4 , and the non-aromatic 5-membered heterocyclic ring bears at least one fluoro substituent.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the precursor is an aromatic nitrogen heterocycle.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the aromatic nitrogen heterocycle is selected from the group consisting of an aromatic 5-membered heterocycle and an aromatic 6-membered heterocycle.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the aromatic 5-membered heterocycle is selected from the group consisting of a 1,3-thiazole, and a 1,3-oxazole; and the aromatic 6-membered heterocycle is selected from the group consisting of a pyridine, a 1,4-pyrazine, a 1,3-pyrazine, a 1,3,5-triazine, a 1,2,4-triazine, and a 1,2,3-triazine.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the cation is a cation of Formula (I):
wherein:
Z 1 is N;
x is 0;
R 1 and R 2 together with Z 1 constitute an aromatic nitrogen heterocyclic ring;
R 3 is the alkyl from the alkyl bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidate; and
one or more of R 3 and the aromatic nitrogen heterocyclic ring bears at least one substituent comprising a fluoro, cyano, a carbonate ester, alkenyl group, or alkynyl group.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein one or more of R 3 and the aromatic nitrogen heterocyclic ring bears at least one fluoro group.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the aromatic nitrogen heterocyclic ring is a pyridine.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the aromatic 5-membered heterocyclic ring is selected from the group consisting of a 1,3-thiazole, and a 1,3-oxazole; and the aromatic 6-membered heterocycle is selected from the group consisting of a pyridine, a 1,4-pyrazine, a 1,3-pyrazine, a 1,3,5-triazine, a 1,2,4-triazine, and a 1,2,3-triazine.
18. A method of preparing an ionic liquid comprising a cation of Formula (V), wherein Z 2 is N,
and a bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidate (FSI) counter anion;
the method comprising contacting a pyridine precursor of the cation, with an alkyl bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidate in an aprotic solvent to alkylate the nitrogen of the pyridine and thereby form the cation of Formula (V) and the FSI counter anion;
wherein:
X 6 , X 7 , X 8 , X 9 , and X 10 independently are H, alkyl, F, CN, alkenyl, fluoro-substituted alkyl, or cyano-substituted alkyl;
R 3 is the alkyl of the alkyl bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidate; and
one or more of R 3 , R 4 , X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , X 6 , X 7 , X 8 , X 9 , and X 10 bears at least one substituent comprising a fluoro, cyano, carbonate ester, alkenyl group, or alkynyl group.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the pyridine precursor of the cation and the alkyl bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidate are contacted at a temperature of about 20 to 25° C. until the nitrogen of the pyridine precursor is alkylated.