Transconductance tuning in photon counting
A circuit arrangement is provided which includes an array of stages for photon counting current to voltage conversion. Each stage includes a tunable operational transconductance amplifier and a feedback network forming a feedback loop of the operational transconductance amplifier. Each stage is configured to provide an output signal as a function of an input signal that is provided to the amplifier input of the operational transconductance amplifier, wherein the input signal comprises one or more current pulses and the output signal comprises one or more voltage pulses. With the tunable operational transconductance amplifier the transconductance of a stage can be tuned so that differences in peaking time and gain are avoided. Furthermore, an imaging device and a method for operating a circuit arrangement are provided.
1. A circuit arrangement comprising:
an array of stages for photon counting current to voltage conversion, wherein each stage comprises:
a tunable operational transconductance amplifier comprising an amplifier input and an output, and
a feedback network that is connected to the amplifier input and to the output of the operational transconductance amplifier thereby forming a feedback loop of the operational transconductance amplifier, wherein
for each stage the tunable operational transconductance amplifier is configured to be supplied with a control voltage at a control input, where by changing the control voltage the transconductance of the respective operational transconductance amplifier can be tuned.
2. The circuit arrangement according to claim 1 , wherein for each stage a noise injection block is connected to a further input of the operational transconductance amplifier.
3. The circuit arrangement according to claim 2 , wherein each noise injection block comprises a buffer component with tunable noise level that is arranged between a reference potential terminal and the further input of the respective operational transconductance amplifier.
4. The circuit arrangement according to claim 3 , wherein each noise injection block comprises a tunable capacitor that is connected to a first internal node arranged between the buffer component and the further input of the respective operational transconductance amplifier.
5. The circuit arrangement according to claim 1 , wherein the circuit arrangement further comprises a plurality of heaters, where each heater is assigned to one of the stages, respectively.
6. The circuit arrangement according to claim 1 , wherein for each stage at least one further tunable operational transconductance amplifier is connected in parallel to the tunable operational transconductance amplifier.
7. The circuit arrangement according to claim 1 , wherein each stage is configured to receive current pulses generated by a photon detector.
8. An imaging device comprising the circuit arrangement according to claim 1 , wherein the imaging device is in particular a spectral imaging device or a medical imaging device.
9. The imaging device according to claim 8 , wherein the imaging device comprises a photon detector and for each stage a pixel of the photon detector is connected to the amplifier input of the operational transconductance amplifier, respectively.
10. The imaging device according to claim 9 , wherein an interposer is arranged between the circuit arrangement and the photon detector.
11. A method for operating a circuit arrangement that comprises an array of stages for photon counting current to voltage conversion, each stage comprising a tunable operational transconductance amplifier with an amplifier input and an output, and a feedback network connected to the amplifier input and to the output of the operational transconductance amplifier thereby forming a feedback loop of the operational transconductance amplifier, the method comprising:
supplying for each stage the tunable operational transconductance amplifier with a control voltage at a control input, where by changing the control voltage the transconductance of the respective operational transconductance amplifier can be tuned.
12. The method according to claim 11 , wherein for each stage the transconductance of the operational transconductance amplifier is tuned in such a way that the bandwidth of the respective stage is within a predefined range.
13. The method according to claim 11 , wherein noise is injected to a further input of the operational transconductance amplifier by a noise injection block for at least one of the stages.
14. The method according to claim 11 , wherein in a calibration step an input capacitance is determined for each stage.