Device including ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal-forming molecules and methods of forming and using same
Surface polarity of a ferroelectric nematic can be configured to generate vectorial control of the orientation of its bulk polarization field. The contact between a surface with in-plane polarity and a ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal generates preferred in-plane orientation of the ferroelectric polarization field at that interface, which can lead to the formation of fluid or glassy monodomains of high polarization without electric field poling. Materials surfaces can be used as a route to making planar-aligned cells with a variety of azimuthal director/polarization structures, including twisted states, in a π-twist cell, obtained with antiparallel, unidirectional buffing on opposing surfaces, we demonstrate three distinct modes of ferroelectric nematic electro-optic response: intrinsic viscosity-limited field induced molecular reorientation, field-induced motion of domain walls separating twisted states of opposite chirality; and propagation of polarization reorientation solitons from the cell plates to the cell center upon field reversal.
1 . A device comprising:
a volume including a ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal having an electric polarization density field throughout the volume; and
a surface, in contact with the volume at an interface, that imparts a favored surface polarity of molecules of the liquid crystal;
wherein the favored surface polarity controls the vectorial orientation of the electric polarization density field.
2 . The device of claim 1 , further comprising:
an additional surface, in contact with the volume at an additional interface, that imparts an additional favored surface polarity of the molecules;
wherein the additional favored surface polarity controls an additional vectorial orientation of the electric polarization density field.
3 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the additional surface is configured to impart an additional favored surface polarity of the molecules to control a vectorial orientation of the electric polarization density field within the volume.
4 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the favored surface polarity of the molecules comprises a component locally normal to and directed away from the surface.
5 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the favored surface polarity of the molecules comprises a component locally normal to and directed toward the surface.
6 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the favored surface polarity of the molecules comprises a component locally tangent to the surface.
7 . The device of claim 6 , wherein said component comprises a unique favored azimuthal orientation about a surface-normal to the surface.
8 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the favored surface polarity of the molecules comprises a component created by unidirectional buffing of the surface.
9 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the molecules are a mixture of two or more distinct molecular species.
10 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the electric polarization density field at the interface controls the vectorial orientation of the electric polarization density field in the volume.
11 . A method for controlling a favored vectoral vectorial orientation in three dimensions of a polarization field of a ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal at an interfacial surface with a material or materials, the method comprising:
providing a first material having a first surface in contact with a volume including the ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal having an electric polarization density field throughout the volume; and
using the first surface, imparting a favored surface polarity of molecules of the ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal, said favored surface polarity controlling said favored vectorial orientation of the electric polarization density field in the volume.
12 . The method of claim 11 , further providing a second material having a second surface in contact with the volume.
13 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the favored surface polarity of the molecules comprises a component locally normal to the first surface and directed toward the first surface.
14 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the favored surface polarity of the molecules comprises a component locally normal to the first surface and directed away from the first surface.
15 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the favored surface polarity of the molecules comprises a component locally tangent to the first surface.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein said component comprises a unique favored azimuthal orientation about the surface normal.
17 . A method of forming a ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal device, the method comprising:
providing a volume including a ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal;
providing a first material comprising a first surface in contact with the volume; and
imparting a favored surface polarity of molecules of the liquid crystal, said favored surface polarity controlling a vectorial orientation at interfaces with the first surface.
18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein interfacial control establishing a polar vectorial orientation in three dimensions of a spontaneous polarization field in the volume of a ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal is achieved upon cooling the volume of liquid crystal from a higher temperature phase to a ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal phase.
19 . The method of claim 18 , where the higher temperature phase is a nonferroelectric nematic phase.
20 . The method of claim 18 , wherein said cooling is configured to maintain a temperature gradient within the liquid crystal during cooling into the ferroelectric nematic phase.
21 . The method of claim 18 , wherein said cooling is configured to maintain a temperature gradient within the liquid crystal during cooling into the ferroelectric nematic phase, said gradient enabling the ferroelectric nematic phase to form first on selected surfaces.