Optical devices and methods of manufacture thereof
An optical device is provided that exhibits a variable optical effect upon illumination. The optical device has a diffractive structure comprising: a portion of a first kinoform diffractive structure that encodes a first image, arranged to form a first diffractive region ( 11 ) of the diffractive structure; and a portion of a second kinoform diffractive structure that encodes a second image, arranged to form a second diffractive region ( 13 ) of the diffractive structure; wherein the first diffractive region and the second diffractive region are laterally separate; and each of the first diffractive region and the second diffractive region are discernible by the naked human eye. Methods of manufacture of such optical devices are also disclosed.
1. An optical device that exhibits a variable optical effect upon illumination, the optical device having a diffractive structure comprising a first diffractive region and a second diffractive region; wherein
the first diffractive region is formed of a portion of a first full kinoform diffractive structure, wherein the first full kinoform diffractive structure contains a first complete phase function to produce an electric field propagating from a first image object and thereby encodes a first image, whereby the first diffractive region defines a perceived motion and depth of the first image upon tilting the device in the form of a replayed image of the first image; and
the second diffractive region is formed of a portion of a second full kinoform diffractive structure, wherein the second full kinoform diffractive structure contains a second complete phase function to produce an electric field propagating from a second image object and thereby encodes a second image, whereby the second diffractive region defines a perceived motion and depth of the second image upon tilting the device in the form of a replayed image of the second image; wherein
the first image is different from the second image;
the portion of the first full kinoform diffractive structure and the portion of the second full kinoform diffractive structure are such that the perceived motion and/or depth of the replayed first and second images upon tilting the device are different;
the first diffractive region and the second diffractive region are laterally separate;
each of the first diffractive region and the second diffractive region are discernible by the naked human eye; and
the optical device is a security device.
2. The optical device of claim 1 , wherein when the device is illuminated, the first diffractive region exhibits the first image that is perceived to be in front of the plane of the device, or behind the plane of the device dependent on viewing angle, and that is perceived to move within a first image area corresponding to the first diffractive region upon a change in viewing angle; and
the second diffractive region exhibits the second image that is perceived to be in front of the plane of the device, or behind the plane of the device dependent on viewing angle, and that is perceived to move within a second image area corresponding to the second diffractive region upon a change in viewing angle.
3. The optical device of claim 2 , wherein the first and second image areas do not overlap.
4. The optical device of claim 1 , wherein the first image is generated substantially completely by diffraction of incident light from the first diffractive region, and the second image is generated substantially completely by diffraction of incident light from the second diffractive region.
5. The optical device of claim 1 , wherein each of the first diffractive region and the second diffractive region has a size greater than 150 microns.
6. The optical device of claim 1 , wherein each of the first diffractive region and the second diffractive region has dimensions greater than 1 millimetre×1 millimetre.
7. The optical device of claim 1 , wherein the portion of the first full kinoform diffractive structure and the portion of the second full kinoform diffractive structure are such that,
at least at one viewing angle, the first image is perceived to be on one side of the plane of the optical device, and the second image is perceived to be on the opposing side of the plane of the optical device.
8. The optical device of claim 1 , wherein the portion of the first full kinoform diffractive structure and the portion of the second full kinoform diffractive structure are such that, upon tilting the device, the first image and the second image are perceived to move in substantially opposing directions when the device it tilted about at least one axis.
9. The optical device of claim 1 , wherein the first diffractive region and the second diffractive region are laterally spaced apart.
10. The optical device of claim 9 , further comprising a non-diffractive component located between the first diffractive region and the second diffractive region.
11. The optical device of claim 1 , wherein the first and second diffractive regions are not interlaced with each other.
12. The optical device of claim 1 , wherein each of the first diffractive region and the second diffractive region are substantially continuous.
13. The optical device of claim 1 , wherein each of the first full kinoform diffractive structure and the second full kinoform diffractive structure is a binary kinoform diffractive structure.
14. The optical device of claim 1 , wherein the diffractive structure further comprises a portion of a third full kinoform diffractive structure that encodes a third image, arranged to form a third diffractive region of the diffractive structure; wherein
the third diffractive region is laterally separate to the first diffractive region and the second diffractive region; and
the third diffractive region is discernible by the naked human eye.
15. A method of forming an optical device that exhibits a variable optical effect upon illumination, the method comprising:
providing a portion of a first full kinoform representation, wherein the first full kinoform representation contains a complete phase function to produce an electric field propagating from a first image object and thereby encodes a first image;
providing a portion of a second full kinoform representation, wherein the second full kinoform representation contains a complete phase function of an electric field propagating from a second image object and thereby encodes a second image;
forming a diffractive structure in a carrier layer, wherein the diffractive structure comprises
a first diffractive region corresponding to the portion of the first full kinoform representation whereby the first diffractive region defines a perceived motion and depth of the first image upon tilting the device in the form of a replayed image of the first image, and
a second diffractive region corresponding to the portion of the second full kinoform representation whereby the second diffractive region defines a perceived motion and depth of the second image upon tilting the device in the form of a replayed image of the second image; wherein
the first image is different from the second image;
the portion of the first full kinoform representation and the portion of the second full kinoform representation are such that the perceived motion and/or depth of the replayed first and second images upon tilting the device are different;
the first diffractive region and the second diffractive region are laterally separate;
each of the first diffractive region and the second diffractive region are discernible to the naked human eye; and
the optical device is a security device.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the diffractive structure is formed using maskless lithography such as electron beam lithography or direct laser writing.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the step of providing the portion of the first full kinoform representation comprises providing a first full kinoform representation encoding the first image, and selecting a portion of the first full kinoform representation; and the step of providing the portion of the second full kinoform representation comprises providing a second full kinoform representation encoding the second image, and selecting a portion of the second kinoform representation.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the portion of the first full kinoform representation and the portion of the second full kinoform representation are computer generated.
19. A security article or a security document comprising a security device according to claim 1 .