Supercapacitor having flexible electrode unit
A flexible energy storage device with a redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte is provided. The flexible energy storage device can include a pair of electrodes separated by the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte. The redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte can include a polymer hydrogel, charge balancing anions and redox-active transition metal cations at least one selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, and copper. The flexible energy storage device may retain greater than 75% of an unbent specific capacitance when bent at an angle of 10° to 170°.
1. A supercapacitor, comprising:
a flexible electrode cell comprising:
a pair of electrodes separated by a redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte, the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte comprising:
a polymer hydrogel,
redox-active transition metal cations which are at least one selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, and copper, and charge balancing anions;
wherein the flexible electrode cell retains greater than 75% of an unbent energy storage capacity when bent at an angle of 10 to 170°,
wherein the flexible electrode cell has a specific capacitance of 300 to 380 F/g.
2. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the polymer hydrogel is a polyacrylic acid hydrogel.
3. The supercapacitor of claim 2 , wherein polyacrylic acid is present in the polyacrylic acid hydrogel in an amount of 2.5 to 50 wt. %, based on a total weight of polyacrylic acid hydrogel.
4. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the redox-active transition metal cations are cobalt (II) ions.
5. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the redox-active transition metal ions are present in an amount of 0.1 to 15 wt. %, based on a total weight of the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte.
6. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte is substantially free of iron.
7. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the charge balancing anions are selected from the group consisting of hydroxide anions, halide anions, sulfate anions, nitrate anions, perchlorate anions, tetrafluoroborate anions, difluoro(oxalato)borate anions, hexafluorophosphate anions, and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anions.
8. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the charge balancing anions are sulfate anions.
9. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the charge balancing anions are present in an amount of 0.1 to 15 wt. %, based on a total weight of redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte.
10. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte has an ionic conductivity of 1.00×10 −5 to 1.00×10 −3 Scm −3 .
11. The supercapacitor of claim 1 , wherein one or both of the electrodes are carbon electrodes.
12. A method of forming the supercapacitor of claim 1 , the method comprising:
soaking a polymer in a solution comprising the redox-active transition metal cations, the charge balancing anions, and water for 1 to 8 hours to form the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte;
disposing the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte on a first electrode of a pair of electrodes such that the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte forms a uniform film covering an entirety of a top surface of the first electrode; and
placing onto the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte a second electrode of the pair of electrodes such that the second electrode is separated from the first electrode by the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte to form the supercapacitor.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first electrode, the second electrode, or both, are carbon electrodes prepared by uniformly depositing on a metal support a film comprising activated carbon, conductive carbon, and a binder such that an entirety of a top surface of the metal support is individually covered by the film to form a carbon electrode.