Determining a therapy efficacy
The present disclosure relates to determining an efficacy of a therapeutic agent. A method for determining an efficacy of a therapeutic agent for a target disease can include measuring a molecular structure of a biological tissue of an animal at a first time and at a second time using a non-invasive biological tissue characterization technique. The method can further include observing a change of the molecular structure of the biological tissue between the first time and the second time, and determining the efficacy of the therapeutic agent based on the observed change in the molecular structure of the biological tissue. Before the first time, or between the first time and the second time, the animal received the therapeutic agent.
1 . A method for determining an efficacy of a therapeutic agent for treating a target disease, the method comprising:
measuring a molecular structure of a biological tissue of an animal at a first time and at a second time using a non-invasive biological tissue characterization technique;
observing a change of the molecular structure of the biological tissue between the first time and the second time;
determining the efficacy of the therapeutic agent based on the observed change in the molecular structure of the biological tissue, wherein before the first time or between the first time and the second time the animal received the therapeutic agent, and
before the first time or between the first time and the second time, infecting the animal with the target disease.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from:
anticancer drugs, biologics, antiretrovirals, antiinfectives, psychotropic agents.
3 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising developing a dosing regimen of the therapeutic agent using the observed change of the molecular structure of the biological tissue and using characteristics of the animal, wherein the dosing regimen prevents or corrects both under-dosing deleterious to the efficacy of the therapeutic agent and overdosing leading to toxicity.
4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the characteristics of the animal comprise one or more of: a gender of the animal, a metabolic enzyme polymorphism of the animal, a gut microbiota of the animal, a time of administration of the therapeutic agent, a presence of hepatic or renal disease in the animal, and an interaction between the therapeutic agent and a second therapeutic agent administered to the animal.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the biological tissue is one or more of: a collagen that diffracts x-ray light, a keratin that diffracts x-ray light, and a glycoprotein that diffracts X-ray light.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the biological tissue comprises one or more of breast tissue, brain tissue, hair, nail, skin, wool, horns, claws, or pelt.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-invasive biological tissue characterization technique comprises one or more of: X-ray diffraction, luminescent spectroscopy, selective laser spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the visible spectral region, and infrared spectroscopy.
8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the method further comprises:
measuring, in the biological tissue, a concentration of the therapeutic agent using the non-invasive biological tissue characterization technique; and
developing a dosing regimen of the therapeutic agent based on the observed changes in the molecular structure of the biological tissue.
9 . The method of claim 8 , further comprising remeasuring the concentration of the therapeutic agent in the biological tissue over time, and further developing the dosing regimen until the concentration of the therapeutic agent in the biological tissue reaches a predefined target concentration.
10 . The method of claim 8 , further comprising developing a therapeutic window for the therapeutic agent, wherein the therapeutic window includes a maximum concentration of the therapeutic agent in the biological tissue (Cmax), above which there is an increased risk of developing an adverse event, and a minimum concentration of the therapeutic agent in the biological tissue (Cmin) below which concentrations are ineffective.
11 . The method of claim 7 , further comprising:
controlling one or more characterization devices performing the non-invasive biological tissue characterization technique using a computer workstation;
performing digital image processing of one or more images related to the molecular structure of the biological tissue using the computer workstation; and
storing and displaying data received from the one or more characterization devices performing the one or more characterization techniques.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the digital image processing comprises one or more of: producing a discrete two-dimensional Fourier transform of the one or more images, performing image segmentation of the one or more images, defining descriptors of boundaries or regions in the one or more images, and recognizing objects in the one or more images.
13 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the X-ray diffraction uses an X-ray tissue diffractometer comprising:
a positioning area for the biological tissue;
an X-ray beam delivery system providing a primary incident micro-beam of X-rays directed at the biological tissue to be analyzed, wherein the X-ray beam delivery system comprises:
a radiation source operating in a continuous mode;
an apparatus forming the primary incident micro-beam of X-rays;
a monochromator; and
at least one of a collimating optical device and a focusing optical device; and
a receiver comprising a two-dimensional pixel detector designed to detect a transmitted micro-beam of X-rays passed through the biological tissue as well as part or all of X-rays that are diffracted by the biological tissue.
14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the two-dimensional pixel detector is inside a protection container, wherein the protection container comprises a vacuum or an inert gas environment, and a window or wall facing the biological tissue that is substantially transparent to the X-rays.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the inert gas environment comprises neon or helium.
16 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the X-ray tissue diffractometer further comprises a chamber filled with an inert gas wherein the chamber is located between the two-dimensional pixel detector and the biological tissue during an X-ray diffraction characterization of the molecular structure of the biological tissue.
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the inert gas is neon or helium.
18 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the target disease in the animal comprises diseases of the immune system, rheumatic diseases, cancer, or diseases of one or more of the: skin, stomach, liver, rectum, colon, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, vagina, lung, oropharynx, nasopharynx, oral mucosa, tongue, brain, thyroid, prostate, breast, cervix, ovary, urological organs, endocrine organs, veins, lymph nodes, mammary glands, respiratory organs, digestive organs, heart, blood vessels, colon, ear, throat, or nose.
19 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising monitoring a clinical response of the animal comprising one or more of: a general blood test, a biochemical analysis, and a urine analysis, and using information from the monitoring to further determine the efficacy of the therapeutic agent.
20 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising developing a dose-response curve for the therapeutic agent, using the observed changes of the molecular structure of the biological tissue.
21 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising developing a dose and dosing interval for the therapeutic agent using the observed changes of the molecular structure of the biological tissue.
22 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising measuring the molecular structure of the biological tissue at a plurality of times using the non-invasive biological tissue characterization technique, wherein the plurality of times comprises the first time and the second time.
23 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the observing the change of the molecular structure of the biological tissue further comprises comparing regression coefficients of functions fit to data from the measurements of the molecular structure of the biological tissue at the plurality of times.
24 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the animal is selected from rabbits, guinea pigs, white rats, white mice, golden hamsters, and monkeys.
25 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining a median effective dose (ED50) of the therapeutic agent using the non-invasive biological tissue characterization technique.
26 . The method of claim 25 , further comprising calculating a therapeutic index (TI) from the ED50 and a median lethal dose (LD50), wherein the TI is the LD50 divided by the ED50.
27 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising monitoring a clinical response of the animal selected from one or more of: a blood test, a biochemical analysis, and a urine analysis.