Providing drive signals for a differential drive modulator
A first (second) electrical input port receives a first (second) drive signal. A first (second) transmission line is configured to propagate a first (second) electromagnetic wave over at least a portion of a first (second) optical waveguide arm of an MZI to apply an optical phase modulation. A drive signal interconnection structure is configured to provide a first electrical connection between the first electrical input port and an inner electrode shared by the transmission lines, and a second electrical connection between the second electrical input port and respective outer electrodes of the transmission lines; and is configured to preserve relative phase shifts between the drive signals. An impedance associated with a first electric field distribution between the inner electrode and a first of the outer electrodes is substantially equal to an impedance associated with a second electric field distribution between the inner electrode and a second of the outer electrodes.
1 . An apparatus comprising:
an electro-optic material;
an optical waveguide structure forming a Mach-Zehnder interferometer in proximity to the electro-optic material, where the Mach-Zehnder interferometer includes a first optical waveguide arm and a second optical waveguide arm;
a first electrical input port configured to receive a first drive signal;
a second electrical input port configured to receive a second drive signal that has a negative amplitude relative to the first drive signal;
a first transmission line configured to propagate a first electromagnetic wave over at least a portion of the first optical waveguide arm to apply an optical phase modulation to an optical wave propagating in the first optical waveguide arm according to an electro-optic modulation of a portion of the electro-optic material;
a second transmission line configured to propagate a second electromagnetic wave over at least a portion of the second optical waveguide arm to apply an optical phase modulation to an optical wave propagating in the second optical waveguide arm according to an electro-optic modulation of a portion of the electro-optic material; and
a drive signal interconnection structure configured to provide a first electrical connection between the first electrical input port and an inner electrode shared by the first and second transmission lines, and a second electrical connection between the second electrical input port and respective outer electrodes of the first and second transmission lines, where the drive signal interconnection structure is configured to preserve relative phase shifts between the first and second drive signals;
where a first impedance associated with a first electric field distribution between the inner electrode and a first of the outer electrodes and a second impedance associated with a second electric field distribution between the inner electrode and a second of the outer electrodes are substantially equal to each other to provide impedance matching;
where the inner electrode and outer electrodes are disposed between a first ground electrode and a second ground electrode, with the first ground electrode and the second ground electrode being electrically grounded and associated with a third electric field distribution between a first of the outer electrodes and the first ground electrode and a fourth electric field distribution between a second of the outer electrodes and the second ground electrode, and
where the third electric field distribution and the fourth electric field distribution contribute to providing the impedance matching.
2 . The apparatus of claim 1 , where the drive signal interconnection structure is configured to transform electrical impedances associated with a changing electric field distribution of a guided mode propagating over the first electrical connection and changing electric field distribution of a guided mode propagating over the second electrical connection such that the first impedance and the second impedance are substantially equal to each other.
3 . The apparatus of claim 1 , where the drive signal interconnection structure comprises a first electrode between the first electrical input port and the electrode shared by the first and second transmission lines, a second electrode comprising an input arm coupled to the second electrical input port and a first output arm coupled to an electrode of the first transmission line, and a second output arm coupled to an electrode of the second transmission line.
4 . The apparatus of claim 3 , where the first electrode is configured to be positioned between the first output arm and the second output arm at a portion of the drive signal interconnection structure at which the first impedance and the second impedance are substantially equal to each other, without contacting any portion of the second electrode.
5 . The apparatus of claim 4 , where the first electrode is configured to cross above or below a portion of the second electrode at an angle that is substantially 90 degrees.
6 . The apparatus of claim 1 , where the optical waveguide structure is formed from a portion of the electro-optic material.
7 . The apparatus of claim 1 , where the first electric field distribution and the second electric field distribution are associated with a guided mode of an electromagnetic wave propagating over the first electrical connection and the second electrical connection, and the electromagnetic wave has a spectrum having a peak intensity between about 10 MHz and 100 GHz.
8 . The apparatus of claim 1 , where the electro-optic material, the optical waveguide structure, and the first and second transmission lines are on a first chip, and the drive signal interconnection structure is between the first chip and a second chip, where the second chip comprises a driver circuit configured to provide the first drive signal and second drive signal; and where the drive signal interconnection structure comprises a riser structure mounted on a surface of a carrier, and the first and second chips are each mounted to the surface of the carrier.
9 . The apparatus of claim 8 , where a first portion of the first electrical connection of the drive signal interconnection structure is positioned on a first surface of the riser structure and a portion of the second electrical connection of the drive signal interconnection structure is positioned on a second surface of the riser structure.
10 . The apparatus of claim 9 , where a second portion of the first electrical connection of the drive signal interconnection structure is positioned on the second surface of the riser structure.
11 . The apparatus of claim 9 , where the first portion of the first electrical connection of the drive signal interconnection structure is connected to the portion of the second electrical connection of the drive signal interconnection structure by a vertical metal contact between the first surface of the riser structure and the second surface of the riser structure.
12 . A method comprising:
providing an electro-optic material;
forming an optical waveguide structure forming a Mach-Zehnder interferometer in proximity to the electro-optic material, where the Mach-Zehnder interferometer includes a first optical waveguide arm and a second optical waveguide arm;
forming a first electrical input port configured to receive a first drive signal;
forming a second electrical input port configured to receive a second drive signal that has a negative amplitude relative to the first drive signal;
forming a first transmission line configured to propagate a first electromagnetic wave over at least a portion of the first optical waveguide arm to apply an optical phase modulation to an optical wave propagating in the first optical waveguide arm according to an electro-optic modulation of a portion of the electro-optic material;
forming a second transmission line configured to propagate a second electromagnetic wave over at least a portion of the second optical waveguide arm to apply an optical phase modulation to an optical wave propagating in the second optical waveguide arm according to an electro-optic modulation of a portion of the electro-optic material; and
forming a drive signal interconnection structure configured to provide a first electrical connection between the first electrical input port and an inner electrode shared by the first and second transmission lines, and a second electrical connection between the second electrical input port and respective outer electrodes of the first and second transmission lines, where the drive signal interconnection structure is configured to preserve relative phase shifts between the first and second drive signals;
where a first impedance associated with a first electric field distribution between the inner electrode and a first of the outer electrodes and a second impedance associated with a second electric field distribution between the inner electrode and a second of the outer electrodes are substantially equal to each other to provide impedance matching;
where the inner electrode and outer electrodes are disposed between a first ground electrode and a second ground electrode, with the first ground electrode and the second ground electrode being electrically grounded and associated with a third electric field distribution between a first of the outer electrodes and the first ground electrode and a fourth electric field distribution between a second of the outer electrodes and the second ground electrode, and
where the third electric field distribution and the fourth electric field distribution contribute to providing the impedance matching.
13 . The method of claim 12 , where the drive signal interconnection structure is configured to transform electrical impedances associated with a changing electric field distribution of a guided mode propagating over the first electrical connection and changing electric field distribution of a guided mode propagating over the second electrical connection such that the first impedance and the second impedance are substantially equal to each other.
14 . The method of claim 12 , where the drive signal interconnection structure comprises a first electrode between the first electrical input port and the electrode shared by the first and second transmission lines, a second electrode comprising an input arm coupled to the second electrical input port and a first output arm coupled to an electrode of the first transmission line, and a second output arm coupled to an electrode of the second transmission line.
15 . The method of claim 14 , where the first electrode is configured to be positioned between the first output arm and the second output arm at a portion of the drive signal interconnection structure at which the first impedance and the second impedance are substantially equal to each other, without contacting any portion of the second electrode.
16 . The method of claim 15 , where the first electrode is configured to cross above or below a portion of the second electrode at an angle that is substantially 90 degrees.
17 . The method of claim 12 , where the optical waveguide structure is formed from a portion of the electro-optic material.
18 . The method of claim 12 , where the electro-optic material, the optical waveguide structure, and the first and second transmission lines are on a first chip, and the drive signal interconnection structure is between the first chip and a second chip, where the second chip comprises a driver circuit configured to provide the first drive signal and second drive signal; and where the drive signal interconnection structure comprises a riser structure mounted on a surface of a carrier, and the first and second chips are each mounted to the surface of the carrier.
19 . The method of claim 18 , where a first portion of the first electrical connection of the drive signal interconnection structure is positioned on a first surface of the riser structure and a portion of the second electrical connection of the drive signal interconnection structure is positioned on a second surface of the riser structure.