Electrowetting, active self-cleaning surface
An optical element is provided that has an outer surface, the optical element including: a coating on the outer surface for causing any fluid thereon to form into fluid droplets; a plurality of independently activated electrodes each having a plurality of interdigitated fingers positioned proximate the outer surface and extending across an area of the outer surface; and a drive circuit for selectively applying signals to the plurality of electrodes. The AC signals applied to electrodes having adjacent fingers each have a phase shift such that fluid droplets are continuously swept in a predetermined direction across the outer surface. The electrode fingers may be arranged with a uniform pitch, where the pitch is the distance between the centers of the electrodes, the pitch being less than or equal to 750 μm??. The electrode fingers may be arranged in a single plane with gaps therebetween.
1 . An optical element comprising:
a substrate having an outer surface on which droplets of fluid may form;
a number N of independently activated electrodes each identifiable by an order reference n (where n=1 to N), each electrode having a plurality of electrode fingers positioned proximate the outer surface and extending across an area of the outer surface, the electrode fingers being arranged in a repeating sequential order from 1 to N; and
a drive circuit for selectively applying phase-modulated AC signals to the electrodes, the drive circuit generates the phase-modulated AC signals by applying a number N of phase modulation signals to an AC signal with the number N of phase modulation signals equal to the number N of independently activated electrodes, each phase modulation signal also identifiable by the order reference n (where n=1 to N) to correspond to the respective electrodes, wherein each phase modulation signal periodically imposes phase shifts to the AC signal back and forth between an in-phase state and an anti-phase state with a period of T w , wherein the phase shifts in each phase modulation signal n are delayed in time by time step t s from the phase shifts in the sequentially preceding phase modulation signal n−1 such that the droplets are continuously swept in a predetermined direction across the outer surface, wherein the time step t s is equal to T w /N.
2 . The optical element of claim 1 , wherein the electrode fingers are arranged in a single plane with gaps therebetween.
3 . The optical element of claim 1 , wherein the electrode fingers are arranged with a uniform pitch, where the pitch is the distance between the centers of the electrodes, the pitch being less than or equal to 750 μm.
4 . The optical element of claim 1 , wherein the drive circuit is further configured to selectively apply a voltage potential between adjacent fingers in such a manner as to conglomerate the fluid droplets into larger fluid drops.
5 . The optical element of claim 1 , wherein the drive circuit is configured to variably adapt a frequency of the AC signals to vary a speed at which the droplets are swept across the outer surface.
6 . The optical element of claim 1 , wherein a last one of the plurality of electrode fingers is located proximate an edge of the outer surface to where the droplets are swept, wherein the last one of the plurality of electrode fingers is larger than other electrode fingers.
7 . The optical element of claim 1 and further comprising a hydrophilic coating located proximate an edge of the outer surface to where the droplets are swept.
8 . The optical element of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of electrode fingers provide for capacitive sensing of droplets on the outer surface, and wherein the drive circuit is configured to apply the phase-modulated AC signals to the electrodes in response to the capacitive sensing of droplets on the outer surface.
9 . The optical element of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of electrode fingers are arranged in a plurality of tiles where each tile includes one finger of each of the number of electrodes provided in a sequential order, wherein the sequential order is repeated for each tile.
10 . An optical element comprising:
a substrate having an outer surface on which droplets of fluid may form;
a plurality of independently activated electrodes each having a plurality of fingers positioned proximate the outer surface and extending across an area of the outer surface; and
a drive circuit for selectively applying signals to the plurality of electrodes,
wherein the electrode fingers are arranged with a uniform pitch, where the pitch is the distance between the centers of the electrodes, the pitch being less than or equal to 750 μm, wherein the drive circuit is further configured to selectively apply a voltage potential between adjacent fingers in such a manner as to conglomerate the fluid droplets into larger fluid drops.
11 . The optical element of claim 10 , wherein the pitch is less than or equal to 200 μm.
12 . The optical element of claim 11 , wherein the pitch is less than or equal to 100 μm.
13 . The optical element of claim 10 , wherein the drive circuit is configured to selectively apply phase-modulated AC signals to the plurality of electrodes.
14 . The optical element of claim 13 , wherein the phase-modulated AC signals applied to electrodes having adjacent fingers each are identical but have a time delay of time step t s in phase shifts relative to one another in such a manner as to continuously sweep fluid droplets in a predetermined direction across the outer surface.
15 . The optical element of claim 10 , wherein the electrode fingers are arranged in a single plane with gaps therebetween.
16 . The optical element of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of interdigitated fingers provide for capacitive sensing of droplets on the outer surface, and wherein the drive circuit is configured to applying the signals to the plurality of electrodes in response to the capacitive sensing of droplets on the outer surface.
17 . The optical element of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of interdigitated fingers are arranged in a plurality of tiles where each tile includes one finger of each of the plurality of electrodes provided in a sequential order, wherein the sequential order is repeated for each tile.
18 . An optical element comprising:
a substrate having an outer surface on which droplets of fluid may form;
a plurality of independently activated electrodes each having a plurality of interdigitated fingers positioned proximate the outer surface and extending across an area of the outer surface; and
a drive circuit for selectively applying signals to the plurality of electrodes,
wherein the electrode fingers are arranged in a single plane with gaps therebetween, wherein the plurality of interdigitated fingers provide for capacitive sensing of droplets on the outer surface, and wherein the drive circuit is configured to apply the signals to the plurality of electrodes in response to the capacitive sensing of droplets on the outer surface.
19 . The optical element of claim 18 , wherein the drive circuit is configured to selectively apply phase-modulated AC signals to the plurality of electrodes.
20 . The optical element of claim 19 , wherein the phase-modulated AC signals applied to electrodes having adjacent fingers each are identical but have a time delay of time step t s in phase shifts relative to one another in such a manner as to continuously sweep fluid droplets in a predetermined direction across the outer surface.
21 . The optical element of claim 18 , wherein the electrode fingers are arranged with a uniform pitch, where the pitch is the distance between the centers of the electrodes, the pitch being less than or equal to 750 μm.
22 . An optical element comprising:
a substrate having an outer surface on which droplets of fluid may form;
a plurality of independently activated electrodes each having a plurality of interdigitated fingers positioned proximate the outer surface and extending across an area of the outer surface; and
a drive circuit for selectively applying signals to the plurality of electrodes,
wherein the electrode fingers are arranged in a single plane with gaps therebetween, wherein the plurality of interdigitated fingers are arranged in a plurality of tiles where each tile includes one finger of each of the plurality of electrodes provided in a sequential order, wherein the sequential order is repeated for each tile.