Concurrent oil saturation and porosity imaging using completion-based on-demand electrodes
Methods and systems for determining electrical characteristics of a subsurface formation are disclosed. The method may include installing a first electrically insulating spacer between well liners in the well to form an on-demand electromagnetic source electrode and installing a second electrically insulating spacer between well liners in the well to form an on-demand electromagnetic receiver electrode. The method may further include performing an electrical survey using the on-demand electromagnetic source and receiver electrodes, determining a map of the at least one electrical characteristic in a subsurface region surrounding on-demand electromagnetic source and receiver electrodes based on the electrical survey, determining a map of at least one formation property based on the map of the electrical characteristic, and updating a hydrocarbon reservoir production plan based on the map of at least one formation property.
1. A method for determining at least one electrical characteristic in a subsurface region, the method comprising:
during completion of a first hydrocarbon well, installing at least one first electrically insulating spacer between a plurality of well liners in the first hydrocarbon well to form at least one on-demand electromagnetic source electrode;
during completion of a second hydrocarbon well, installing at least one second electrically insulating spacer between the plurality of well liners in the second hydrocarbon well to form at least one on-demand electromagnetic receiver electrode;
performing an electrical survey using the at least one on-demand electromagnetic source electrode and the at least one on-demand electromagnetic receiver electrode to determine at least one measured apparent electrical characteristic;
determining, using a computer processor, a map of the at least one electrical characteristic in the subsurface region surrounding the at least one on-demand electromagnetic source electrode and the at least one on-demand electromagnetic receiver electrode based, at least in part, on the electrical survey,
wherein determining the map of the at least one electrical characteristic comprises:
obtaining a candidate map of the at least one electrical characteristic,
simulating at least one apparent electrical characteristic using the candidate map,
forming an objective function based, at least in part, on the at least one simulated apparent electrical characteristic and the at least one measured apparent electrical characteristic, and
determining the map of the at least one electrical characteristic by updating the candidate map based on finding an extremum of the objective function;
determining, using a computer processor, a map of at least one formation property based, at least on part, on the map of the at least one electrical characteristic in the subsurface region; and
updating, using a computer processor, a hydrocarbon reservoir production plan based, at least in part, on the map of the at least one formation property.
2. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising stimulating the first hydrocarbon well to produce hydrocarbons at a greater rate based on the updated hydrocarbon reservoir production plan.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein performing the electrical survey comprises measuring at least one apparent electrical characteristic of the subsurface formation.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein performing the electrical survey comprises:
forming an on-demand source electrode by making an electrical connection between a well logging tool and at least two well liners separated by the at least one first electrically insulating spacer; and
forming an on-demand receiver electrode by making an electrical connection between the well logging tool and at least two well liners separated by the at least one first second electrically insulating spacer.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein performing the electrical survey further comprises controlling, using the well logging tool, a source voltage and a source current of the on-demand electromagnetic source electrode and monitoring a receiver voltage and a receiver current from the on-demand electromagnetic receiver electrode.
6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein performing the electrical survey further comprises receiving a plurality of signals from a global navigation satellite system, wherein the plurality of signals provide a common reference phase for the source current and the receiver current.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first hydrocarbon well and the second hydrocarbon well comprise a common hydrocarbon well.
8. The method of claim 3 , wherein the at least one apparent electrical characteristic comprises an apparent conductivity and an apparent chargeability.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the map of the at least one formation property is three-dimensional.
10. A system for determining at least one electrical characteristic in a subsurface region, the system comprising:
a plurality of well liners disposed in at least one hydrocarbon well, wherein each well liner comprises an electrically conductive material having a shape of a hollow cylinder;
at least one first electrically insulating spacer disposed between two of the plurality of well liners to form at least one on-demand electromagnetic source electrode;
at least one second electrically insulating spacer disposed between two of the plurality of well liners to form at least one on-demand electromagnetic receiver electrode;
a well logging tool, configured to perform an electrical survey to determine at least one measured apparent electrical characteristic;
a conveyance that disposes the well logging tool within the plurality of well liners; and
a computer processor configured to:
determine a map of the at least one electrical characteristic in a subsurface region surrounding the least one on-demand electromagnetic source electrode and the least one on-demand electromagnetic receiver electrode, and
determine a map of at least one formation property based, at least on part, on the map of the at least one electrical characteristic in the subsurface region, wherein determining the map of the at least one electrical characteristic comprises:
receiving a candidate map of the at least one electrical characteristic;
receiving measured values of at least one apparent electrical characteristic;
simulating at least one apparent electrical characteristic using the candidate map;
forming an objective function based, at least in part, on the at least one simulated apparent electrical characteristic and the at least one measured electrical characteristic; and
determining the map of the at least one electrical characteristic by updating the candidate map based on finding an extremum of the objective function.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the well logging tool comprises:
a cylindrical housing having an outer diameter less than an inner diameter of the hollow cylinder;
a plurality of insulated centralizers disposed around the cylindrical housing;
a plurality of electrical connections that selectively connect to at least one of the plurality of well liners;
a power connection that receives power from a surface location; and
a communication connection that communicates with the surface location.
12. The system according to claim 11 , wherein the well logging tool further comprises a casing collar locator that indicates a position of the well logging tool relative to the well liners and the first or second electrically insulating spacer.
13. The system according to claim 10 , further comprising a global navigation satellite receiver, configured to provide a common reference phase for a source current and a receiver current.
14. The system of claim 10 , wherein the extremum comprises a minimum.
15. The system of claim 10 , wherein the candidate map comprises a gridded representation of a spatial distribution of the at least one electrical characteristic.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the gridded representation comprises a three-dimensional grid.
17. The system of claim 15 , wherein simulating comprises solving Maxwell's equations for the gridded representation of the spatial distribution of the at least one electrical characteristic excited by the at least one on-demand electromagnetic source electrode.