Compressed natural gas storage and transportation system
A system for storing and transporting compressed natural gas includes source and destination facilities and a vehicle, each of which includes pressure vessels. The pressure vessels and gas therein may be maintained in a cold state by a carbon-dioxide-based refrigeration unit. Hydraulic fluid (and/or nitrogen) ballast may be used to fill the pressure vessels as the pressure vessels are emptied so as to maintain the pressure vessels in a substantially isobaric state that reduces vessel fatigue and lengthens vessel life. The pressure vessels may be hybrid vessels with carbon fiber and fiber glass wrappings. Dip tubes may extend into the pressure vessels to selectively expel/inject gas from/into the top of the vessels or hydraulic fluid from/into the bottom of the vessels. Impingement deflectors are disposed adjacent to the dip tubes inside the vessels to discourage fluid-induced erosion of vessel walls.
1. A method for transporting cold compressed gas, the method comprising:
storing compressed gas in an interior volume of a storage vessel that is inside an enclosed and insulated space of a vehicle, the vessel defining a fluid barrier that isolates the interior volume from the enclosed and insulated space outside of the vessel;
refrigerating the insulated space using a closed-loop carbon-dioxide-based refrigeration unit supported by the vehicle, wherein said refrigerating comprises
depositing solid carbon dioxide within the enclosed and insulated space,
receiving gaseous carbon dioxide from the enclosed and insulated space into a carbon dioxide refrigerant loop passageway connecting the enclosed and insulated space to the refrigeration unit, wherein the carbon dioxide refrigerant loop passageway comprises a gaseous carbon dioxide inlet fluidly connected to the enclosed and insulated space and through which said gaseous carbon dioxide is received, the carbon dioxide refrigerant loop passageway having a carbon dioxide outlet fluidly connected to the enclosed and insulated space,
using a compressor disposed along the carbon dioxide refrigerant loop passageway to compress gaseous carbon dioxide that is disposed in the carbon dioxide refrigerant loop passageway and was received via the gaseous carbon dioxide inlet,
using a cooling system disposed along the passageway to cool the received gaseous carbon dioxide that is disposed within the carbon dioxide refrigerant loop passageway,
forming solid carbon dioxide from carbon dioxide that was cooled with the cooling system, and
depositing the formed solid carbon dioxide within the enclosed and insulated space; and
moving the vehicle toward a destination facility,
wherein said refrigerating comprises isolating the carbon dioxide refrigerant used by the refrigeration unit from the compressed gas in the interior volume.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compressed gas comprises compressed natural gas.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said moving comprises moving the vehicle from a first geographic site to a second geographic site, and wherein a temperature within the insulated space remains between −98.7 and −58.5 degrees C. throughout said moving.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
forming solid carbon dioxide comprises:
ejecting liquid carbon dioxide into the insulated space via the carbon dioxide outlet; and
solidifying liquid carbon dioxide within the insulated space, wherein the cooling of the gaseous carbon dioxide results in the formation of liquid carbon dioxide which is formed and solidified into solid carbon dioxide that is deposited into the insulated space.