Selective neuromodulation apparatus
A neuromodulation apparatus and method of using the same. The neuromodulation apparatus has a plurality of active electrodes electrically isolated from each other and arranged in at least one electrodes array, at least one reference electrode, a pulse generator electrically connected to each active electrode of the plurality of active electrodes and configured to selectively transmit electric pulses to each of the plurality of active electrodes and a control unit coupled to the electrical pulse generator and adapted to measure a resistance and/or a current-voltage characteristic between each active electrode of the plurality of active electrodes and the at least one reference electrode.
1. A neuromodulation apparatus for a medical treatment comprising:
a plurality of active electrodes electrically isolated from each other and arranged in at least one electrodes array, wherein each of the at least one electrodes array is configured to be applied to a skin of a patient; wherein each active electrode comprises an electrically conductive element configured to be applied to a skin of a patient;
at least one reference electrode configured to be applied to the skin of the patient;
an electrical pulse generator electrically connected to each active electrode of the plurality of active electrodes and configured to selectively transmit electrical pulses for the neuromodulation medical treatment to each of the plurality of active electrodes;
a control unit coupled to the electrical pulse generator and configured to measure a resistance and/or a current voltage characteristic between each active electrode of the plurality of active electrodes and the at least one reference electrode, wherein the control unit is configured to evaluate active electrodes arranged in the same electrode array based on the measured resistance and/or current voltage characteristic, wherein in response to the evaluation of the active electrodes, the control unit is configured to select one or more active electrodes with the lowest measured values of resistance and/or one or more active electrodes with current voltage characteristics showing the lowest voltage drop for the same value of passing current to receive the electrical pulses generated by the electrical pulse generator.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the control unit is adapted to control a shape of the electrical pulses generated by the electrical pulse generator based on the measured value of resistance and/or the measured current voltage characteristic of the selected one or more active electrodes.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the control unit is adapted to repeatably measure the resistance and/or the current-voltage characteristic between each active electrode of the plurality of active electrodes and the at least one reference electrode, wherein the control unit is further adapted to update the selection of the one or more electrodes for the reception of the electrical pulses generated by the electrical pulse generator.
4. The apparatus according to claim 2 , further comprising at least one detector configured to detect a response of the patient to at least one electrical pulse generated by the electrical pulse generator, wherein the detector is further adapted to provide feedback on the detected response to the control unit.
5. The apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein the at least one detector is at least one motion detector configured to detect a movement of the patient and adapted to provide feedback on the movement to the control unit, wherein the movement of the patient is in response to the at least one electrical pulse generated by the electrical pulse generator.
6. The apparatus according to claim 5 , wherein the at least one motion detector includes at least one of an accelerometer, an electrical field sensor or a camera.
7. The apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein the at least one detector is configured to detect a change in an electrical activity produced by muscles of the patient in response to the at least one electrical pulse generated by the electrical pulse generator.
8. The apparatus according to claim 7 , wherein the at least one detector is an electromyography based (EMG) detector.
9. The apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein the control unit is adapted to receive a patient's response detected by the detector in response to the at least one electrical pulse generated by the electrical pulse generator conveyed by the one or more selected active electrodes and the control unit is adapted to control the shape of the electrical pulses generated by the electrical pulse generator based on the measured value of resistance and/or the current-voltage characteristic and the detected response by the at least one detector.
10. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the control unit is further configured to determine current density of electrical pulses flowing through the one or more selected active electrodes and based on the result selectively employ active electrodes within the same electrodes array neighboring to the one or more selected active electrodes to also receive electrical pulses generated by the electrical pulse generator.
11. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the control unit is configured to control at least one of a slope of a rising edge of the electrical pulses, a magnitude of the electrical pulses, a pulse period or a pulse width of the electrical pulses.
12. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further including a probe having a contact surface which bears an electrodes array of the at least one electrodes array, the contact surface comprising a bump which has at least part of the active electrodes of the electrodes array.
13. The apparatus according to claim 12 , wherein the electrodes array extends on the contact surface around the bump.
14. The apparatus according to claim 12 , wherein the contact surface has in a first direction a general concave shape from which the bumps protrudes, wherein the contact surface has in a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction a general convex shape.
15. A method for using a neuromodulation apparatus for a medical treatment, comprising:
applying a plurality of active electrodes arranged in at least one electrodes array to a skin of a patient in an expected location of a target nerve to be stimulated or modulated, wherein the active electrodes are electrically isolated from each other, wherein each active electrode is electrically connected to an electrical pulse generator;
applying at least one reference electrode to the skin of the patient;
measuring by a control unit a resistance and/or a current-voltage characteristic between each active electrode of the plurality of active electrodes and the at least one reference electrode;
evaluating by the control unit active electrodes arranged in the same electrodes array based on their measured resistance and/or current voltage characteristic; and
selecting from the evaluated active electrodes one or more active electrodes with the lowest measured value of resistance and/or a one or more active electrodes with current voltage characteristics showing the lowest voltage drop for the same value of passing current for receiving electrical pulses generated by the electrical pulse generator.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the method comprises controlling by the control unit a shape of the electrical pulses generated by the electrical pulse generator based on the measured value of resistance and/or the measured current voltage characteristic of the selected one or more active electrodes.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the target nerve is at least one of sciatic, pudendal, peroneal, cavernous, sacral plexus, vagus or a tibial nerve.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the method comprises repeatably measuring the resistance and/or the current-voltage characteristic between each active electrode of the plurality of active electrodes and the at least one reference electrode and updating the selection of the one or more active electrodes for the reception of the electrical pulses generated by the electrical pulse generator.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the method comprises detecting by a detector a response of the patient to at least one electrical pulse generated by the pulse generator and providing feedback on the detected response to the control unit.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the method comprises receiving by a control unit a patient's response detected by the detector in response to the at least one electrical pulse generated by the electrical pulse generator and controlling the shape of the electrical pulses based on the measured value of resistance and/or current-voltage characteristic and the detected response by the at least one detector.
21. The method of claim 15 , wherein the method includes determining current density of electrical pulses flowing through the one or more selected active electrodes and based on the result selectively employing active electrodes neighboring to the one or more selected active electrodes within the same electrodes array to also receive electrical pulses generated by the electrical pulse generator.