Metal halide cathode with enriched conductive additive
A rechargeable metal halide battery shows increased metal halide utilization with the introduction of electronegative heteroatom-enriched conductive additives into a metal halide cathode incorporated into an electrically conductive material. The electronegative heteroatom-enriched conductive additives include nitrogen-doped carbon, such as nitrogen-doped single layer graphene, and oxygen-enriched carbon, such as acid-treated carbon black. The modified batteries utilize 20-30% more metal halide than unmodified batteries resulting in enhanced specific capacity and energy density.
1. A battery, comprising:
an anode;
an electrolyte comprising at least one ion-conducting salt and at least one solvent;
a cathode comprising a metal halide incorporated into an electrically conductive material that includes oxygen-enriched carbon having immobilized oxygen moieties on a surface thereof; and
at least one stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formed on at least one of the anode and the cathode,
wherein the electrolyte is in contact with the anode, the cathode, and an oxidizing gas, wherein the contact of the oxidizing gas and the electrolyte forms the at least one stable SEI layer.
2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the oxygen-enriched carbon has an oxygen to carbon ratio between 0.015 and 0.045.
3. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the oxygen-enriched carbon is formed by acid treatment of carbon with an inorganic and/or an organic acid.
4. The battery of claim 3 , wherein the inorganic acid is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), hydrogen iodide (HI), perchloric acid (HClO 4 ), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), nitric acid (HNO 3 ), and combinations thereof.
5. The battery of claim 3 , wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid (C 2 H 2 O 4 ), citric acid (C 6 H 8 O 7 ), succinic acid (C 4 H 6 O 4 ), tartaric acid (C 4 H 6 O 6 ), malic acid (C 4 H 6 O 5 ) butyric acid (C 4 H 8 O 2 ), and combinations thereof.
6. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive material comprises a porous carbon material selected from the group consisting of carbon black, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon dots, activated carbon, amorphous carbon, graphite, graphene, graphene oxide, and combinations thereof.
7. The battery of claim 6 , wherein the porous carbon is in the form of particles, powders, paper, foam, fibers, sheets, discs, rods, and/or foils.
8. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the metal halide in the cathode has a weight percentage in the range of 40% to 90% of a total weight of the cathode.
9. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the metal halide comprises (i) a metal ion selected from the group consisting of Li + , Mg + , Zn + , Al + , Na + , and combinations thereof; and (ii) a halide ion selected from the group consisting of I − , Br − , Cl − , F − , and combinations thereof.
10. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises at least one lithium salt as the at least one ion-conducting salt, and the at least one solvent comprises at least one nitrile and/or at least one heterocyclic compound.
11. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprises at least one alkali metal and/or at least one alkaline earth metal.
12. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the oxidizing gas is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, air, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and combinations thereof.