Sulfide reactive vacuum distillation, absorption, stripping, and extraction for metal and alloy production
In accordance with one embodiment, a method comprises dissolving a sulfide of a first metal in a solvent comprising molten aluminum; aluminothermically reduce at least a portion of the sulfide through reactive vacuum distillation to form gaseous aluminum sulfide distillate and elemental first metal that remains in the molten aluminum; and at least one of (e.g., one, two, or all three of) (a) reacting the aluminum sulfide distillate with at least one material in the molten aluminum; (b) reacting the aluminum sulfide distillate with at least one material outside of the molten aluminum; or (c) condensing the gaseous aluminum sulfide distillate.
1. A method comprising:
dissolving at least a portion of a sulfide of a first metal in a solvent comprising molten aluminum;
aluminothermically reducing at least a portion of the sulfide through reactive vacuum distillation to form gaseous aluminum sulfide distillate and elemental first metal that remains in the molten aluminum; and
reacting the aluminum sulfide distillate with at least one material in the molten aluminum.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the process produces an alloy comprising at least aluminum and the first metal, optionally also including vacuum distilling a metal from the alloy and optionally reacting the distillate metal with gaseous sulfur to form a volatile sulfide.
3. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising at least one of:
recovering at least some of the first metal from the molten aluminum;
oxidizing at least some of the first metal in the molten aluminum; or
adding a third metal or a compound of the third metal to the molten aluminum to produce an alloy including the third metal and at least one of aluminum or the first metal, optionally wherein at least one of:
(a) the compound of the third metal is aluminothermically reduced; or
(b) the compound of the third metal is thermally reduced.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the molten aluminum includes a mixture of the first metal sulfide and at least one oxide, the process extracting the sulfide from the surrounding oxide via selective aluminothermic reduction of the sulfide.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the molten aluminum comprises at least one other element that forms at least one gaseous volatile sulfide that in turn assists the aluminum in reduction, optionally also selectively condensing at least one of the at least one gaseous volatilized sulfide.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein reacting the aluminum sulfide distillate with at least one material in the molten aluminum comprises at least one of reactive stripping or reactive absorption.
7. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising:
selectively sulfidizing the first metal to form the first metal sulfide that is at least partially dissolved in the solvent comprising molten aluminum.
8. A method comprising:
dissolving at least a portion of a sulfide of a first metal in a solvent comprising molten aluminum;
aluminothermically reducing at least a portion of the sulfide through reactive vacuum distillation to form gaseous aluminum sulfide distillate and elemental first metal that remains in the molten aluminum; and
reacting the aluminum sulfide distillate with at least one material outside of the molten aluminum.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the process produces an alloy comprising at least aluminum and the first metal, optionally also including vacuum distilling a metal from the alloy and optionally reacting the distillate metal with gaseous sulfur to form a volatile sulfide.
10. The method according to claim 8 , further comprising at least one of:
recovering at least some of the first metal from the molten aluminum;
oxidizing at least some of the first metal in the molten aluminum; or adding a third metal or a compound of the third metal to the molten aluminum to produce an alloy including the third metal and at least one of aluminum or the first metal, optionally wherein at least one of:
(a) the compound of the third metal is aluminothermically reduced; or
(b) the compound of the third metal is thermally reduced.
11. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the molten aluminum includes a mixture of the first metal sulfide and at least one oxide, the process extracting the sulfide from the surrounding oxide via selective aluminothermic reduction of the sulfide.
12. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the molten aluminum comprises at least one other element that forms at least one gaseous volatile sulfide that in turn assists the aluminum in reduction, optionally also selectively condensing at least one of the at least one gaseous volatilized sulfide.
13. The method according to claim 8 , further comprising:
selectively sulfidizing the first metal to form the first metal sulfide that is at least partially dissolved in the solvent comprising molten aluminum.
14. A method comprising:
dissolving at least a portion of a sulfide of a first metal in a solvent comprising molten aluminum;
aluminothermically reducing at least a portion of the sulfide through reactive vacuum distillation to form gaseous aluminum sulfide distillate and elemental first metal that remains in the molten aluminum; and
condensing the gaseous aluminum sulfide distillate.
15. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the process produces an alloy comprising at least aluminum and the first metal, optionally also including vacuum distilling a metal from the alloy and optionally reacting the distillate metal with gaseous sulfur to form a volatile sulfide.
16. The method according to claim 14 , further comprising at least one of:
recovering at least some of the first metal from the molten aluminum;
oxidizing at least some of the first metal in the molten aluminum; or
adding a third metal or a compound of the third metal to the molten aluminum to produce an alloy including the third metal and at least one of aluminum or the first metal, optionally wherein at least one of:
(a) the compound of the third metal is aluminothermically reduced; or
(b) the compound of the third metal is thermally reduced.
17. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the molten aluminum includes a mixture of the first metal sulfide and at least one oxide, the process extracting the sulfide from the surrounding oxide via selective aluminothermic reduction of the sulfide.
18. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the molten aluminum comprises at least one other element that forms at least one gaseous volatile sulfide that in turn assists the aluminum in reduction, optionally also selectively condensing at least one of the at least one gaseous volatilized sulfide.
19. The method according to claim 14 , further comprising:
selectively sulfidizing the first metal to form the first metal sulfide that is at least partially dissolved in the solvent comprising molten aluminum.