Secure long training field (LTF)
This disclosure provides methods, devices and systems for generating a secure long training field (LTF). In some implementations, the secure LTF may include a randomized bit sequence that is difficult, if not impossible, to replicate by any device other than the transmitting device and the intended receiving device. For example, the transmitting device may use a block cipher or stream cipher to generate a pseudorandom bit sequence and may select a subset of bits of the pseudorandom bit sequence to be mapped to a sequence of modulation symbols representing an LTF symbol of the secure LTF. More specifically, each of the modulation symbols is mapped to a respective one of a number of subcarriers spanning a bandwidth of the secure LTF. The transmitting device may further transmit a physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP) protocol data unit (PPDU) that includes the secure LTF to the receiving device.
1. A method for wireless communication by a wireless communication device, the method comprising:
selecting a first subset of bits of a pseudorandom bit sequence to represent a first long training field (LTF) symbol of an LTF and a second subset of bits of the pseudorandom bit sequence to represent a second LTF symbol of the LTF;
mapping values of the first subset of bits to first modulation symbols and values of the second subset of bits to second modulation symbols;
mapping the first modulation symbols to a number (M) of spatial streams;
mapping the second modulation symbols to the number (M) of spatial streams;
applying M sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations to the first modulation symbols mapped to the M spatial streams, respectively;
applying M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations to the second modulation symbols mapped to the M spatial streams, respectively, each of the M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations being different than a remaining M−1 sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations of the M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations; and
transmitting a physical (PHY) layer convergence protocol (PLCP) protocol data unit (PPDU) including the LTF.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations is different than the M sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein each set of the M sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations is different than a remaining M−1 sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pseudorandom bit sequence is generated in a physical (PHY) layer of the wireless communication device.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pseudorandom bit sequence is generated based on an output of an advanced encryption standard (AES) block cipher.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein mapping the values of the first subset of bits to the first modulation symbols is performed in accordance with a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein each of the first modulation symbols is a 64-QAM symbol.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first subset of bits is selected from a portion of the pseudorandom bit sequence that does not include any repetitions.
9. A method for wireless communication by a wireless communication device, the method comprising:
receiving, over a wireless channel and via a number (M) of spatial streams, a physical (PHY) layer convergence protocol (PLCP) protocol data unit (PPDU);
applying M sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations to the M spatial streams, respectively;
applying M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations to the M spatial streams, respectively, each of the M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations being different than a remaining M−1 sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations of the M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations;
recovering first modulation symbols from a long training field (LTF) of the PPDU based at least in part on the application of the M sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations to the respective M spatial streams and second modulation symbols from the LTF of the PPDU based at least in part on the application of the M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations to the respective M spatial streams, the first modulation symbols representing a first LTF symbol of the LTF and the second modulation symbols representing a second LTF symbol of the LTF; and
estimating the wireless channel based on whether a first subset of bits associated with the first LTF symbol and a second subset of bits associated with the second LTF symbol match respective portions of a pseudorandom bit sequence.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein each of the M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations is different than the M sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein each set of the M sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations is different than a remaining M−1 sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations.
12. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
demodulating each of the first modulation symbols to produce the first subset of bits and each of the second modulation symbols to produce the second subset of bits.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein each of the first modulation symbols is demodulated in accordance with a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein each of the first modulation symbols is a 64-QAM symbol.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein a number of bits in the first subset of bits and the second subset of bits is based on a number of carriers and a type of modulation scheme.
16. A wireless communication device for wireless communication, comprising:
at least one modem;
at least one processor communicatively coupled with the at least one modem; and
at least one memory communicatively coupled with the at least one processor and storing processor-readable code that, when executed by the at least one processor in conjunction with the at least one modem, causes the wireless communication device to:
select a first subset of bits of a pseudorandom bit sequence to represent a first long training field (LTF) symbol of an LTF and a second subset of bits of the pseudorandom bit sequence to represent a second LTF symbol of the LTF;
mapping values of the first subset of bits to first modulation symbols and values of the second subset of bits to second modulation symbols;
map the first modulation symbols to a number (M) of spatial streams;
map the second modulation symbols to the number (M) of spatial streams;
apply M sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations to the first modulation symbols mapped to the M spatial streams, respectively;
apply M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations to the second modulation symbols mapped to the M spatial streams, respectively, each of the M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations being different than a remaining M−1 sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations of the M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations; and
transmit a physical (PHY) layer convergence protocol (PLCP) protocol data unit (PPDU) including the LTF.
17. The wireless communication device of claim 16 , wherein each of the M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations is different than the M sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations.
18. The wireless communication device of claim 16 , wherein each set of the M sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations is different than a remaining M−1 sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations.
19. The wireless communication device of claim 16 , wherein the pseudorandom bit sequence is generated in a physical (PHY) layer of the wireless communication device.
20. The wireless communication device of claim 16 , wherein the pseudorandom bit sequence is generated based on an output of an advanced encryption standard (AES) block cipher.
21. The wireless communication device of claim 16 , wherein mapping the values of the first subset of bits to the first modulation symbols is performed in accordance with a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme.
22. The wireless communication device of claim 21 , wherein each of the first modulation symbols is a 64-QAM symbol.
23. The wireless communication device of claim 16 , wherein the first subset of bits is selected from a portion of the pseudorandom bit sequence that does not include any repetitions.
24. A wireless communication device for wireless communication, comprising:
at least one modem;
at least one processor communicatively coupled with the at least one modem; and
at least one memory communicatively coupled with the at least one processor and storing processor-readable code that, when executed by the at least one processor in conjunction with the at least one modem, causes the wireless communication device to:
receive, over a wireless channel and via a number (M) of spatial streams, a physical (PHY) layer convergence protocol (PLCP) protocol data unit (PPDU);
apply M sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations to the M spatial streams, respectively;
apply M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations to the M spatial streams, respectively, each of the M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations being different than a remaining M−1 sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations of the M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations;
recover first modulation symbols from a long training field (LTF) of the PPDU based at least in part on the application of the M sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations to the respective M spatial streams and second modulation symbols from the LTF of the PPDU based at least in part on the application of the M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations to the respective M spatial streams, the first modulation symbols representing a first LTF symbol of the LTF and the second modulation symbols representing a second LTF symbol of the LTF; and
estimate the wireless channel based on whether a first subset of bits associated with the first LTF symbol and a second subset of bits associated with the second LTF symbol match respective portions of a pseudorandom bit sequence.
25. The wireless communication device of claim 24 , wherein each of the M sets of second pseudorandom phase rotations is different than the M sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations.
26. The wireless communication device of claim 24 , wherein each set of the M sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations is different than a remaining M−1 sets of first pseudorandom phase rotations.
27. The wireless communication device of claim 24 , wherein the processor-readable code, when executed by the at least one processor in conjunction with the at least one modem, further causes the wireless communication device to:
demodulate each of the first modulation symbols to produce the first subset of bits and each of the second modulation symbols to produce the second subset of bits.
28. The wireless communication device of claim 27 , wherein each of the first modulation symbols is demodulated in accordance with a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme.
29. The wireless communication device of claim 28 , wherein each of the first modulation symbols is a 64-QAM symbol.
30. The wireless communication device of claim 27 , wherein a number of bits in the first subset of bits and the second subset of bits is based on a number of carriers and a type of modulation scheme.