PROMOTERS

1 . An adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector comprising a vector genome comprising a transcription regulatory element (TRE) that:

(a) comprises a human alpha-1-antitrypsin (hAAT) sequence element;

(b) comprises a human alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (AMBP) sequence element; and

(c) promotes greater expression than hepatic control region-hAAT (HCR-hAAT), wherein the vector genome is between 2.2 and 5.0 kbp in length.

2 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein the TRE promotes greater expression than FRE72.

3 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein the TRE is greater than 800 nucleotides in length.

4 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein the hAAT sequence element comprises a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 or a variant of SEQ ID NO: 29 that differs by 1, 2, or 3 nucleotides.

5 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein the AMBP sequence element comprises a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32 or a variant of SEQ ID NO: 32 that differs by 1, 2, or 3 nucleotides.

6 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein the AMBP sequence element is 5′ of the hAAT sequence element.

7 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein the TRE is liver specific.

8 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein:

(a) the TRE comprises an apolipoprotein E-hepatic control region-1 (ApoE-HCR1) sequence element, or

(b) the TRE comprises an ApoE-HCR1 sequence element and wherein:

(i) the ApoE-HCR1 sequence element comprises a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 or a variant of SEQ ID NO: 27 that differs by 1, 2, or 3 nucleotides; or

(ii) (I) the ApoE-HCR1 sequence element is 5′ of both the hAAT sequence element and the AMBP sequence element, or

(II) the ApoE-HCR1 sequence element is 5′ of the hAAT sequence element and 3′ of the AMBP sequence element.

9 . (canceled)

10 . (canceled)

11 . (canceled)

12 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein:

(a) the TRE comprises an aldolase B (ALDOB) sequence element; or

(b) the TRE comprises an ALDOB sequence element, and wherein:

(i) the ALDOB sequence element comprises a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37 or a variant of SEQ ID NO: 37 that differs by 1, 2, or 3 nucleotides, or

(ii) the ALDOB sequence element is 5′ of both the hAAT sequence element and the AMBP sequence element.

13 . (canceled)

14 . (canceled)

15 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein the TRE comprises:

(a) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9; or

(b) a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.

16 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein the TRE comprises:

(a) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5; or

(b) a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.

17 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein the TRE promotes gene expression in cells from at least one other organ or tissue at a level less than 40% of the level that the TRE promotes gene expression in liver cells, wherein:

(a) the cells from the at least one other organ or tissue are kidney cells, pancreatic cells, breast cells, neuroblastoma cells, lung cells, cardiomyocyte cells, early B cells, or any combination thereof;

(b) the cells from the least one other organ or tissue are:

(i) HEK293T cells;

(ii) 697 cells;

(iii) BxPC-3 cells;

(iv) MCF7 cells;

(v) 1643 cells;

(vi) MRC-9 cells;

(vii) AC-16 cells; or

(viii) any combination of (i)-(vii);

(c) the level of gene expression that is promoted is measured by transducing the liver cells and the cells from the at least one other organ or tissue with a polynucleotide comprising the TRE and GFP, and measuring the number of GFP positive cells, wherein the number of GFP positive cells is a measure of the level of gene expression; or

(d) the level of gene expression that is promoted is measured by transducing the liver cells and the cells from the at least one other organ or tissue with a polynucleotide comprising the TRE and GFP, and measuring the mean fluorescence intensity, wherein the mean fluorescence intensity is a measure of the level of gene expression.

18 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein the TRE is comprised within an expression cassette.

19 . The AAV vector of claim 18 , wherein the expression cassette is 2.2 kbp-4.2 kbp in length.

20 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein the vector genome is less than 4.9 kbp in length.

21 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein the vector genome is 3 kbp-4.8 kbp in length.

22 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein the transgene encodes a protein or a non-translated RNA which is associated with a genetic disorder.

23 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising the AAV vector of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

24 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , for use in a method of treating a disease.

25 . (canceled)

26 . The AAV vector of claim 1 , wherein the TRE has greater expression compared to HCR-hAAT or FRE72 in liver cells.