3D printed spacers for ion-exchange device
The present disclosure is directed to ion-exchange systems and devices that include composite ion-exchange membranes having 3D printed spacers on them. These 3D printed spacers can drastically reduce the total intermembrane spacing within the system/device while maintaining a reliable sealing surface around the exterior border of the membrane. By adding the spacers directly to the membrane using additive manufacturing, the amount of material used can be reduced without adversely impacting the manufacturability of the composite membrane as well as allow for complex spacer geometries that can reduce the restrictions to flow resulting in less pressure drop associated with the flow in the active area of the membranes.
1. A method of forming one or more ion exchange membranes comprising:
3D printing a plurality of curable spacers on a surface of the ion exchange membrane; and
curing the plurality of curable 3D printed spacers to form a plurality of 3D printed spacers on the surface of the ion exchange membrane, wherein the plurality of 3D printed spacers have the following properties:
a first width W1 at a first distance L1 from the membrane surface,
a second width W2 at a second distance L2 from the membrane surface,
W1>W2, and
L1>L2,
and wherein a plurality of the curable spacers have a non-planar, interconnected network structure; and
curing said plurality of curable 3D printed spacers to form a plurality of 3D printed spacers on one or more surfaces of said ion exchange membrane.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of curable 3D printed spacers is cured by electromagnetic radiation or thermal exposure.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the electromagnetic radiation is ultraviolet light.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of 3D printed spacers have the following additional properties:
a third width W3 at a third distance L3 from the membrane
surface, W3>W2, and L3<L2.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of 3D printed spacers have a height of 10-1000 microns.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of 3D printed spacers have a height of 10-250 microns.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein an area of the surface of the ion exchange membrane covered by the plurality of 3D printed spacers is between 1 and 20 percent of total surface area of the surface of the ion exchange membrane.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein a volume of the plurality of 3D printed spacers is less than a theoretical maximum volume of the plurality of 3D spacers defined by multiplying a maximum width of the spacers in a x direction by a maximum height of the spacers in a y direction and by a maximum depth of the spacers in a z direction.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the volume of the plurality of 3D printed spacers is less than 95% of the theoretical maximum volume of the plurality of 3D spacers.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising 3D printing a second plurality of curable spacers on a surface of the ion exchange membrane opposite the surface with the first plurality of 3D printed spacers and curing the second plurality of curable 3D printed spacers to form a second plurality of 3D printed spacers on the surface of the ion exchange membrane opposite the surface with the first plurality of 3D printed spacers.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein ion exchange membrane is a cation exchange membrane or an anion exchange membrane.
12. An ion-exchange device comprising:
a pair of electrodes comprising an anode and a cathode;
a first ion exchange membrane and a second ion exchange membrane between the pair of electrodes,
wherein at least one of the first or second ion exchange membranes comprises a plurality of 3D printed spacers adhered to a surface of the at least one of the first or second ion exchange membranes such that an intermembrane spacing between surfaces of the first and second ion exchange membranes is 10-1000 microns, and
wherein the plurality of 3D printed spacers have the following properties: a first width W1 at a first distance L1 from the membrane surface,
a second width W2 at a second distance L2 from the membrane surface, W1>W2, and
L1>L2 and wherein a plurality of the curable spacers have a non-planar, interconnected network structure; and curing said plurality of curable 3D printed spacers to form a plurality of 3D printed spacers on one or more surfaces of said ion exchange membrane.
13. The device of claim 12 , wherein the first ion exchange membrane is a cation exchange membrane and the second ion exchange membrane is an anion exchange membrane.
14. The device of claim 12 , wherein the plurality of 3D printed spacers comprise a third width at a third distance from the surface of the at least one of the first or second ion exchange membranes, wherein the third width is greater than the second width and the third distance is less than the second distance.
15. The device of claim 12 , wherein an area of the surface of the at least one of the first or second ion exchange membranes covered by the plurality of 3D printed spacers is between 1 and 20 percent of total surface area of the surface of the at least one of the first or second ion exchange membranes.
16. The device of claim 12 , wherein the plurality of 3D printed spacers have the following additional properties:
a first depth D1 at a first distance LD1 from the membrane surface,
a second depth D2 at a second distance LD2 from the membrane surface, D1>D2, and wherein LD1>LD2.