Process for preparing membranes
A process for preparing an ion-exchange membrane having a textured surface profile comprising the steps (i) and (ii): (i) screen-printing a radiation-curable composition onto a membrane in a patterned manner; and (ii) irradiating and thereby curing the printed, radiation-curable composition; wherein the radiation-curable composition has a viscosity of at least 30 Pa·s when measured at a shear rate of 0.1 s −1 at 20° C.
1. A process for preparing an ion-exchange membrane having a textured surface profile comprising the steps (i) and (ii):
(i) screen-printing a radiation-curable composition onto an ion-exchange membrane in a patterned manner; and
(ii) irradiating and thereby curing the printed, radiation-curable composition to form the textured surface profile comprising protrusions;
wherein the radiation-curable composition has a viscosity of at least 30 Pa·s when measured at a shear rate of 0.1 s −1 at 20° C.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the radiation-curable composition used in step (i) comprises a) a curable ionic compound; b) a crosslinking agent; c) optionally an inert solvent; optionally d) a photoinitiator; and e) a thickening agent comprising a rheology modifier and/or a particulate solid.
3. A process according to claim 1 wherein the textured surface comprises protrusions that are ionically conductive.
4. A process according to claim 1 wherein the radiation-curable composition used in step (i) has a viscosity of 30 to 1000 Pa·s when measured at a shear rate of 0.1 s −1 at 20° C. and a viscosity of <20 Pa·s at a shear rate of 1000 s −1 at 20° C.
5. A process according to claim 1 wherein the screen-printing comprises rotary screen-printing, flatbed screen-printing or rotary-stop-cylinder screen-printing.
6. A process according to claim 1 wherein the textured surface profile comprises protrusions which have an average length to average width ratio of 10:1 to 1:10.
7. A process according to claim 1 which further comprises the preparation of the membrane used in step (i) by a process comprising the steps (A) and (B):
(A) impregnating a porous support with a radiation-curable composition;
(B) forming the membrane by irradiating and thereby curing the radiation-curable curable composition present in the porous support.
8. A process according to claim 1 which further comprises the preparation of the membrane used in step (i) by a process comprising the steps (A) and (B):
(A) impregnating a porous support with a radiation-curable composition;
(B) forming the membrane by irradiating and thereby curing the radiation-curable curable composition present in the porous support; wherein the radiation-curable composition used in step (A) comprises no or less particulate solids than the radiation-curable composition used in step (i).
9. An ion-exchange membrane having a textured surface profile obtained by a process according to claim 1 .
10. An electrodialysis or reverse electrodialysis unit, an electrodeionization module, a flow through capacitor, a diffusion dialysis apparatus or a membrane distillation module, comprising one or more textured membranes according to claim 9 .
11. A process according to claim 1 wherein the radiation-curable composition forms an ionically-charged polymer when irradiated.
12. A process according to claim 1 wherein the textured surface profile comprises protrusions at least 80% of which have a maximum dimension in all directions of less than 20 mm.
13. A process according to claim 1 wherein the textured surface profile comprises protrusions which have a maximum dimension in all directions of 0.04 to 10 mm.
14. A process according to claim 1 wherein the textured surface profile comprises protrusions which are separated from each other by an average of at least 0.1 mm.
15. A process according to claim 1 wherein the extent to which the membrane is textured is 1 to 70% when calculated by the following formula:
extent to which the membrane is textured=(Area of Texture/Total Membrane Area)×100%
wherein:
Area of Texture is the area of the membrane which extends outward from the plane of the membrane on the relevant side, measured where the texture meets the plane of the membrane; and
Total Membrane Area is the total effective area the relevant side of the membrane would have if it were flat and not textured.
16. A process according to claim 15 wherein the textured surface profile comprises protrusions that are ionically conductive and have an average length to average width ratio of 10:1 to 1:10.
17. A process according to claim 1 wherein the textured surface profile comprises protrusions having a maximum dimension in all directions of 0.04 to 10 mm and the protrusions are separated from each other by an average of at least 0.1 mm.
18. A process according to claim 1 wherein the textured surface profile comprises protrusions at least 80% of which have a maximum dimension in all directions of less than 20 mm and the extent to which the membrane is textured is 1 to 70% when calculated by the following formula:
extent to which the membrane is textured=(Area of Texture/Total Membrane Area)×100%
wherein:
Area of Texture is the area of the membrane which extends outward from the plane of the membrane on the relevant side, measured where the texture meets the plane of the membrane; and
Total Membrane Area is the total effective area the relevant side of the membrane would have if it were flat and not textured.
19. An ion-exchange membrane having a textured surface profile obtained by a process according to claim 18 .
20. The process according to claim 15 wherein the extent to which the membrane is textured is 2 to 40%.
21. The process according to claim 20 wherein the textured surface profile comprises ionically-conductive protrusions.
22. The process of claim 1 wherein the radiation-curable composition has a viscosity of at least 50 Pa·s when measured at a shear rate of 0.1 s −1 at 20° C.