Method of increasing irrigation water and fertilizer delivery to soil using formic acid and formate salts

1. A method of increasing delivery of irrigation water to a predetermined depth in soil containing agricultural crops, comprising:

introducing formic acid to the irrigation water to form a formate-enhanced irrigation water having a formate concentration of from about 10 ppm to about 10,000 ppm;

slug-feeding the formate-enhanced irrigation water to the soil in an amount sufficient to (i) increase a flow rate of the irrigation water through the soil, (ii) reduce a compaction of the soil, and/or (iii) reduce a calcium concentration in the soil;

adding a fertilizer to additional irrigation water in a continuous mode to form fertigation water, wherein the fertilizer comprises a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphorus fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, or a combination thereof; and

distributing the fertigation water through an irrigation system to the soil.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the formic acid is introduced to the irrigation water using a pump, and the method further comprises controlling one or more settings of the pump using a controller in electrical communication with the pump, the one or more settings of the pump being configured to provide an amount of the formic acid and/or formate salt to the irrigation water to result in the formate-enhanced irrigation water having the formate concentration.

3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising:

storing in the controller (i) a target for the amount of formic acid to add to the irrigation water over a predetermined amount of time and (ii) settings for a pump corresponding to the amount of formic acid to be added over the predetermined amount of time;

comparing actual amounts of the formic acid delivered over the predetermined amount of time with the target; and

adjusting the settings for the pump to move the actual amount of formic acid delivered over the predetermined amount of time towards the target using the controller.

4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the formic acid is introduced to the irrigation water as an aqueous solution, the aqueous solution contains the formic acid in a concentration of from 1% to 99% by weight, and the aqueous solution is introduced to the irrigation water at a flow rate ratio of 0.1:1000 to 10:1000.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein distributing the formate-enhanced irrigation water reacts the formic acid with one or more alkaline salts in the soil to form one or more water-soluble formate salts.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein sufficient formic acid is distributed to the soil to leach or carry the one or more water-soluble formate salts below a root zone of the agricultural crops in the soil.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the formate-enhanced irrigation water comprises from about 100 parts per million (ppm) to about 1000 parts per million of the formic acid.

8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising percolating the formate-enhanced irrigation water into the soil, through a root zone of the agricultural crops in the soil.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein sufficient formic acid is distributed to the soil to decrease a pH, an alkalinity and/or a salinity of the soil.

10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising adding one or more micronutrients to the additional irrigation water.

11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising filtering the irrigation water prior to adding the formic acid to the irrigation water.

12. A method of increasing delivery of irrigation water to a predetermined depth in soil containing agricultural crops, comprising:

introducing formic acid and/or a formate salt to the irrigation water to form a formate-enhanced irrigation water having a formate concentration of from about 10 ppm to about 10,000 ppm;

slug-feeding the formate-enhanced irrigation water to the soil in an amount sufficient to (i) increase a flow rate of the irrigation water through the soil, (ii) reduce a compaction of the soil, and/or (iii) reduce a calcium concentration in the soil;

adding a phosphorus fertilizer to additional irrigation water in a continuous mode to form fertigation water, wherein the phosphorus fertilizer is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, monobasic phosphate salts, dibasic phosphate salts, and combinations thereof; and

distributing the fertigation water through an irrigation system to the soil.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the fertilizer comprises the potassium fertilizer, and the potassium fertilizer comprises one or more potassium salts.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the potassium salts comprise potassium formate, potassium bisulfate, monobasic potassium phosphate, dibasic potassium phosphate, tribasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphonate, dibasic potassium phosphonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium sulfite or potassium thiosulfate.

15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the fertigation water is distributed to the soil periodically, at an interval selected from multiple days per week, multiple weeks in a season, and multiple days in a season.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the fertigation water is delivered at a periodic interval selected from multiple days per week, multiple weeks in a season, and multiple days in a season.

17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the fertilizer comprises the nitrogen fertilizer, and the nitrogen fertilizer is selected from the group consisting of ammonium salts, nitrate salts, urea, amino acids and combinations thereof.

18. The method of claim 12 , wherein the fertilizer comprises the phosphorus fertilizer, and the phosphorus fertilizer is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, monobasic phosphate salts, dibasic phosphate salts, and combinations thereof.

19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the one or more micronutrients are selected from the group consisting of zinc, iron, manganese, calcium, boron, magnesium, copper, cobalt and molybdenum.

20. The method of claim 12 , comprising introducing the formate salt to the irrigation water, wherein the formate salt is selected from the group consisting of calcium formate, potassium formate, and ammonium formate.

21. A method of increasing delivery of irrigation water to a predetermined depth in soil containing agricultural crops, comprising:

introducing calcium formate to the irrigation water to form a formate-enhanced irrigation water having a formate concentration of from about 10 ppm to about 10,000 ppm;

slug-feeding the formate-enhanced irrigation water to the soil in an amount sufficient to (i) increase a flow rate of the irrigation water through the soil and/or (ii) reduce a compaction of the soil;

adding a fertilizer to additional irrigation water to form fertigation water, wherein the fertilizer comprises a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphorus fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, or a combination thereof; and

distributing the fertigation water through an irrigation system to the soil.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the calcium formate is introduced to the irrigation water as an aqueous solution that contains the calcium formate in a concentration of from 1% to 99% by weight, and the aqueous solution is introduced to the irrigation water at a flow rate of 0.1-10 gal/min for every 1000 gal/min of irrigation water.

23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the fertilizer is added to the additional irrigation water in an irrigation line in continuous mode.

24. The method of claim 21 , further comprising percolating the formate-enhanced irrigation water into the soil, through a root zone of the agricultural crops in the soil.

25. A method of increasing delivery of irrigation water to a predetermined depth in soil containing agricultural crops, comprising:

introducing formic acid and/or a formate salt to the irrigation water to form a formate-enhanced irrigation water having a formate concentration of from about 10 ppm to about 10,000 ppm;

slug-feeding the formate-enhanced irrigation water to the soil in an amount sufficient to (i) increase a flow rate of the irrigation water through the soil, (ii) reduce a compaction of the soil, and/or (iii) reduce a calcium concentration in the soil;

adding a nitrogen fertilizer to additional irrigation water in a continuous mode to form fertigation water, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is selected from the group consisting of ammonium salts, nitrate salts, urea, amino acids and combinations thereof; and

distributing the fertigation water through an irrigation system to the soil.

26. The method of claim 25 , comprising introducing the formate salt to the irrigation water, wherein the formate salt is selected from the group consisting of calcium formate, potassium formate, and ammonium formate.

27. The method of claim 25 , wherein the fertigation water is distributed to the soil periodically, at an interval selected from multiple days per week, multiple weeks in a season, and multiple days in a season.

28. A method of increasing delivery of irrigation water to a predetermined depth in soil containing agricultural crops, comprising:

introducing formic acid and/or a formate salt to the irrigation water to form a formate-enhanced irrigation water having a formate concentration of from about 10 ppm to about 10,000 ppm;

slug-feeding the formate-enhanced irrigation water to the soil in an amount sufficient to (i) increase a flow rate of the irrigation water through the soil, (ii) reduce a compaction of the soil, and/or (iii) reduce a calcium concentration in the soil;

adding a fertilizer and one or more micronutrients in a continuous mode to additional irrigation water to form fertigation water, wherein the fertilizer comprises a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphorus fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, or a combination thereof; and

distributing the fertigation water through an irrigation system to the soil.

29. The method of claim 28 , comprising introducing the formate salt to the irrigation water, wherein the formate salt is selected from the group consisting of calcium formate, potassium formate, and ammonium formate.