Systems and methods for processing ammonia
The present disclosure provides systems and methods for processing ammonia. The system may comprise one or more reactor modules configured to generate hydrogen from a source material comprising ammonia. The hydrogen generated by the one or more reactor modules may be used to provide additional heating of the reactor modules (e.g., via combustion of the hydrogen), or may be provided to one or more fuel cells for the generation of electrical energy.
1. An ammonia reforming system, comprising:
one or more reactors comprising one or more catalysts therein, wherein the one or more reactors are configured to decompose ammonia (NH 3 ) to generate a reformate stream comprising at least hydrogen (H 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), and unconverted ammonia, wherein the one or more reactors are in fluid communication with one or more storage tanks;
a plurality of heating elements in thermal communication with the one or more catalysts, wherein the plurality of heating elements comprise at least one electrical heater and at least one combustion heater,
wherein the at least one combustion heater is configured to combust at least a portion of the H 2 in the reformate stream to heat the one or more reactors to a temperature within a target temperature range;
a fuel cell configured to consume a first fraction of the H 2 in the reformate stream from the one or more reactors to generate electricity; and
an adsorbent configured to adsorb the unconverted ammonia,
wherein the system is configured to desorb the unconverted ammonia from the adsorbent using an exhaust of the at least one combustion heater to regenerate the adsorbent.
2. The ammonia reforming system of claim 1 , further comprising one or more heat exchangers configured to exchange heat between one or more flows of the NH 3 from the one or more storage tanks and one or more flows from the one or more reactors.
3. The ammonia reforming system of claim 1 , further comprising one or more temperature sensors configured to measure one or more temperatures of the one or more reactors.
4. The ammonia reforming system of claim 3 , wherein the at least one electrical heater is configured to reduce heating power based at least in part on the one or more temperatures of the one or more reactors being equal to or greater than a predetermined target temperature.
5. The ammonia reforming system of claim 3 , wherein the at least one electrical heater is configured to increase heating power based at least in part on the one or more temperatures of the one or more reactors being less than a predetermined target temperature.
6. The ammonia reforming system of claim 3 , further comprising one or more air supply units configured to supply oxygen to the at least one combustion heater.
7. The ammonia reforming system of claim 6 , wherein the one or more air supply units are configured to decrease a flowrate of the oxygen supplied to the at least one combustion heater based at least in part on the one or more temperatures of the one or more reactors being equal to or greater than a predetermined target temperature.
8. The ammonia reforming system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one combustion heater is configured to combust a second fraction of the H 2 in the reformate stream to heat the one or more reactors, wherein the second fraction of the H 2 is an exit flow from the fuel cell.
9. The ammonia reforming system of claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell is configured to consume the first fraction of the H 2 at a hydrogen utilization rate that is less than a predetermined threshold value.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the hydrogen utilization rate is at least about 40% of the H 2 generated from the one or more reactors.
11. The ammonia reforming system of claim 1 , further comprising a controller programmed to perform one or more of the following:
i. decompose the NH 3 using the one or more catalysts of the one or more reactors to generate the reformate stream;
ii. use the at least one combustion heater to combust at least a portion of the reformate stream from the one or more reactors to heat the one or more reactors to the temperature within the target temperature range; or
iii. use the fuel cell to consume the first fraction of the H 2 in the reformate stream to generate electricity.
12. The ammonia reforming system of claim 1 , further comprising a battery;
wherein the battery is configured to power at least part of an electrical load in response to the electrical load being greater than the electricity generated by the fuel cell; and
a controller configured to perform one or more of the following in response to a state of charge of the battery being less than a charge threshold: (1) increase a flowrate of at least one of the ammonia or the additional ammonia, or (2) limit the electrical load.
13. The ammonia reforming system of claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell is configured to power an electrical load;
wherein the system further comprises a controller configured to perform one or more of the following in response to the electrical load being less than the electricity generated by the fuel cell: (1) charging a battery; (2) decreasing a flowrate of the ammonia.
14. The ammonia reforming system of claim 1 , wherein the combustion heater is configured to combust the desorbed unconverted ammonia.
15. The ammonia reforming system of claim 1 , further comprising a heat exchanger configured to transfer heat from the combustion exhaust to the adsorbent to desorb the unconverted ammonia from the adsorbent.
16. An ammonia decomposition system, comprising:
one or more reactors comprising one or more electrically-heated reactors comprising one or more catalysts, and one or more combustion-heated reactors comprising one or more catalysts;
at least one electrical heater configured to heat the one or more electrically-heated reactors of the one or more reactors to a first target temperature range, wherein the at least one electrical heater is in thermal communication with the one or more catalysts of the one or more electrically-heated reactors;
wherein the one or more electrically-heated reactors are configured to decompose ammonia (NH 3 ) at the first target temperature range to generate a reformate stream comprising hydrogen (H 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), and unconverted ammonia;
at least one combustion heater configured to heat the one or more combustion-heated reactors to a second target temperature range by combusting at least part of the reformate stream, wherein the at least one combustion heater is in thermal communication with the one or more catalysts of the one or more combustion-heated reactors;
wherein the one or more combustion-heated reactors are configured to decompose additional NH 3 to generate an additional reformate stream comprising H 2 , N 2 , and unconverted ammonia; and
an adsorbent configured to adsorb the unconverted ammonia in at least one of the reformate stream or the additional reformate stream,
wherein the system is configured to desorb the unconverted ammonia from the adsorbent using an exhaust of the at least one combustion heater to regenerate the adsorbent.
17. The ammonia decomposition system of claim 16 , further comprising a controller programmed to perform one or more of the following:
i. heat the at least one electrical heater to heat the one or more electrically-heated reactors of the one or more reactors to the first target temperature range,
ii. decompose the NH 3 at the first target temperature range using the one or more electrically-heated reactors to generate the reformate stream comprising H 2 , N 2 , and unconverted ammonia;
iii. heat at least one combustion heater by combusting at least part of the reformate stream to heat the one or more combustion-heated reactors of the one or more reactors to the second target temperature range; or
iv. decompose the additional NH 3 using the one or more combustion-heated reactors to generate the additional reformate stream comprising H 2 , N 2 , and unconverted ammonia.
18. The ammonia decomposition system of claim 16 , wherein the at least one combustion heater is further configured to combust at least part of the additional reformate stream.
19. The ammonia decomposition system of claim 18 , further comprising a controller programmed to perform the following:
increase a flowrate of at least one of the NH 3 or the additional NH 3 based at least in part on one or more temperatures of the one or more reactors being greater than a predetermined threshold temperature.
20. The ammonia decomposition system of claim 18 , further comprising a controller programmed to perform the following:
decrease a flowrate of air provided to the at least one combustion heater based at least in part on one or more temperatures of the one or more reactors being greater than a predetermined threshold temperature.
21. The ammonia decomposition system of claim 18 , further comprising one or more fuel cells configured to receive at least one of the reformate stream or the additional reformate stream, and generate electricity by consuming a first fraction of at least one of the reformate stream or the additional reformate stream.
22. The ammonia decomposition system of claim 21 , wherein the at least one combustion heater is configured to combust a second fraction of at least one of the reformate stream or the additional reformate stream as a combustion fuel, wherein the second fraction is an exit flow from the one or more fuel cells.
23. The ammonia decomposition system of claim 21 , further comprising a controller programmed to reduce an H 2 consumption rate of the one or more fuel cells based at least in part on a temperature of the one or more reactors being less than a threshold temperature.
24. The ammonia decomposition system of claim 21 , further comprising a controller programmed to reduce the electricity generation of the one or more fuel cells, and to increase the amount of at least one of the reformate stream or the additional reformate stream combusted by the at least one combustion heater.
25. The ammonia decomposition system of claim 16 , further comprising a controller programmed to perform the following based at least in part on detecting a fault in the ammonia decomposition system:
modulate at least one of (1) a flowrate of at least one of the NH 3 , the additional NH 3 , the reformate stream, the additional reformate stream, or; (2) one or more pressures; or (3) one or more temperatures.
26. The ammonia decomposition system of claim 25 , wherein the fault comprises an NH 3 concentration being greater than a predetermined threshold concentration, wherein the NH 3 concentration is measured in at least one of (i) the adsorbent or (ii) one or more fuel cells configured to generate electricity by consuming at least part of the H 2 in at least one of the reformate stream or in the additional reformate stream.
27. The ammonia decomposition system of claim 25 , wherein the fault comprises (i) a fracture of the one or more reactors, (ii) a leakage of ammonia, or (iii) an offset of a measured temperature of the one or more reactors from the target temperature range.
28. The ammonia decomposition system of claim 16 , further comprising a fuel cell, and a controller programmed to perform the following based at least in part on detecting a fault in the ammonia decomposition system:
reduce or shut down electricity generated by the fuel cell in response to detecting a fault.
29. The ammonia decomposition system of claim 28 , wherein the fault comprises an NH 3 concentration being greater than a predetermined threshold concentration, wherein the NH 3 concentration is measured in at least one of (i) the adsorbent, or (ii) the fuel cell.
30. The ammonia decomposition system of claim 28 , wherein the fault comprises (i) a fracture of the one or more reactors, (ii) a leakage of ammonia, or (iii) an offset of a measured temperature of the one or more reactors from the target temperature range.