System and Method for Combined Streaming Potential and Controlled-Source Electromagnetic Modeling

1 . A method for monitoring carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), comprising:

positioning a controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) transmitter on a surface of the earth relative to a CCUS borehole casing;

positioning a plurality of CSEM receivers relative to the CCUS borehole casing, synchronized with the CSEM transmitter;

transmitting signals from the CSEM transmitter into a subsurface formation about the CCUS borehole casing;

receiving by the plurality of CSEM receivers a secondary electromagnetic (EM) field corresponding to the signals transmitted from the CSEM transmitter coupled with a streaming potential at a location where fluid is being injected into the subsurface formation;

measuring the secondary EM field; and

calculating a pressure field by performing an inversion on an objective function based on the secondary EM field and a forward modeling function transforming a pressure or gradient of the pressure field to the secondary EM field.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein positioning the plurality of CSEM receivers comprises positioning the plurality of CSEM receivers in a sequence of concentric circles around the CCUS borehole casing.

3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein calculating a pressure field by performing an inversion comprises performing the inversion at each time step separately.

4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein calculating a pressure field by performing an inversion comprises performing the inversion on a combination of all time-lapse data.

5 . A method of imaging saturation or permeability of a formation, comprising:

positioning a controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) transmitter on a surface of the earth relative to a borehole;

positioning a plurality of CSEM receivers relative to the borehole, synchronized with the CSEM transmitter;

transmitting signals from the CSEM transmitter into a subsurface formation about the borehole;

receiving by the plurality of CSEM receivers a secondary electromagnetic (EM) field corresponding to the signals transmitted from the CSEM transmitter coupled with a streaming potential at a location where fluid is being injected into the subsurface formation;

measuring the secondary EM field; and

calculating a saturation or permeability of the formation by performing an inversion on an objective function based on the secondary EM field and a function transforming saturation or permeability into the secondary EM field.

6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein positioning the plurality of CSEM receivers comprises positioning the plurality of CSEM receivers above a stage that is being fracked.

7 . The method of claim 5 , further comprising:

creating a 3D model of the saturation or permeability of the formation.

8 . A method of determining an injection or flowback rate into or from a subsurface formation, comprising:

positioning a controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) transmitter on a surface of the earth relative to a borehole;

positioning a plurality of CSEM receivers relative to the borehole, synchronized with the CSEM transmitter;

transmitting signals from the CSEM transmitter into a subsurface formation about the borehole;

receiving by the plurality of CSEM receivers a secondary electromagnetic (EM) field corresponding to the signals transmitted from the CSEM transmitter coupled with a streaming potential at a location where fluid is being injected into the subsurface formation;

measuring the secondary EM field; and

performing a reservoir simulation based on the injection or flowback rate by performing an inversion on an objective function based on the secondary EM field and a function transforming a pressure or gradient of a pressure field to the secondary EM field.

9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein positioning the plurality of CSEM receivers comprises positioning the plurality of CSEM receivers above an area where fluid is being injected into the subsurface formation.

10 . A method of calculating electrical and magnetic fields in a subsurface formation, comprising:

positioning a controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) transmitter on a surface of the earth relative to a borehole;

positioning a plurality of CSEM receivers relative to the borehole, synchronized with the CSEM transmitter;

transmitting signals from the CSEM transmitter into a subsurface formation about the borehole;

receiving by the plurality of CSEM receivers a secondary electromagnetic (EM) field corresponding to the signals transmitted from the CSEM transmitter coupled with a streaming potential at a location where fluid is being injected into the subsurface formation;

measuring the secondary EM field; and

calculating a streaming potential current from a cross-coupling coefficient between a fluid and electric flow and a pressure field;

calculating electrical and magnetic fields based on an exciting current and a streaming potential current.

11 . The method of claim 10 , further comprising:

performing an inversion on an objective function based on the secondary EM field and a function transforming a pressure or gradient of the pressure field to the secondary EM field.

12 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the pressure field is derived by running a reservoir simulation based on fluid flows.

13 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the pressure field is derived by solving a combination of poro-elastic fluid flow and mechanical equations.