Landing navigation based on radar altimeter and multi-echoes RF beacons
A method includes providing a radar sensor onboard a vehicle, and one or more active radar beacons around a landing site. Each beacon produces a pattern of one or more artificial echoes that is different from a pattern of echoes produced by others of the beacons. The method further includes guiding the vehicle toward the landing site by transmitting radar signals from the radar sensor to an area around the landing site; receiving return signals from the area around the landing site, including ground reflected signals and transmitted signals from each beacon; and determining whether artificial echoes are detected in the received return signals. When artificial echoes are detected, beacon parameters are loaded from an onboard active beacons database; patterns in the artificial echoes are identified and associated with corresponding beacons from the database; and a slant range to each of the beacons is estimated through the patterns.
1 . A method comprising:
providing a radar sensor unit onboard a vehicle;
providing one or more active radar beacons around a landing site, wherein each active radar beacon produces a pattern of one or more artificial echoes that is different from a pattern of one or more artificial echoes produced by others of the one or more active radar beacons; and
guiding the vehicle toward the landing site by a process comprising:
transmitting radar signals from the radar sensor unit to an area around the landing site;
receiving return signals in the radar sensor unit from the area around the landing site, the return signals including ground reflected signals, and transmitted signals from the one or more active radar beacons;
determining whether artificial echoes are detected in the received return signals;
when artificial echoes are detected, loading parameters of the one or more active radar beacons for the landing site from an onboard active beacons database;
identifying one or more patterns in the detected artificial echoes;
associating the identified one or more patterns with a corresponding one or more of the active radar beacons from the active beacons database; and
estimating a slant range to each of the one or more active radar beacons through the identified patterns in the detected artificial echoes;
wherein the detected artificial echoes correspond to respective artificial range positions created by the one or more active radar beacons, the respective artificial range positions having corresponding artificial slant range shifts;
wherein the artificial slant range shifts remain substantially constant during operation regardless of a position of the vehicle.
2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
providing the slant range to each of the one or more active radar beacons to an onboard navigation system for further processing.
3 . The method of claim 2 , further comprising:
estimating a three-dimensional (3D) position of the vehicle using the slant range to each of the one or more active radar beacons, and other navigation measurements from one or more other sensors onboard the vehicle.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the active radar beacons are implemented as signal repeaters; and
the artificial echoes represent repeated signals that are modified.
5 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining an altitude of the vehicle above the area around the landing site based on the received return signals.
6 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining an angular orientation of the vehicle above the area around the landing site based on received return signals from one or more other sensors onboard the vehicle.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the vehicle comprises a vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft, a helicopter, an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV), or an urban air mobility (UAM) vehicle.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the radar sensor unit comprises a radar altimeter.
9 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining a direction to the one or more active radar beacons by the radar sensor unit using an active electronically scanned array antenna and further processing, as additional information for navigation.
10 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining a Doppler velocity to the active radar beacon by the radar sensor unit and further processing, as additional information for navigation.
11 . A system comprising:
a radar sensor unit onboard a vehicle, the radar sensor unit comprising:
at least one antenna;
a transmitter operatively coupled to the at least one antenna, the transmitter configured to transmit radar signals through the at least one antenna to an area around a landing site that includes one or more active radar beacons;
a receiver operatively coupled to the at least one antenna, the receiver configured to receive return signals from the area around the landing site, the return signals including ground reflected signals, and transmitted signals from the one or more active radar beacons; and
at least one processor unit, which includes a radar signal processing and control module that is operative to perform radar signal/data processing and radar control, wherein the radar signal processing and control module includes:
a signal processing module configured to receive and process the received return signals from the receiver; and
a radar configuration and control module operative to send control signals to the transmitter and the receiver to control radar scanning and configuration;
an onboard application module in operative communication with the signal processing module; and
an onboard active beacons database in operative communication with the application module, the active beacons database configured to store signal patterns for active radar beacons at particular locations;
wherein the onboard application module includes program instructions for performing a process to aid in guiding the vehicle toward the landing site, the process comprising:
determining whether artificial echoes are detected in the received return signals;
when artificial echoes are detected, loading parameters of the one or more active radar beacons for the landing site from the active beacons database;
identifying one or more patterns in the detected artificial echoes;
associating the identified one or more patterns with a corresponding one or more of the active radar beacons from the active beacons database;
estimating a slant range to each of the one or more active radar beacons through the identified patterns in the detected artificial echoes; and
providing the slant range to each of the one or more active radar beacons to an onboard vehicle navigation system for further processing;
wherein the detected artificial echoes correspond to respective artificial range positions created by the one or more active radar beacons, the respective artificial range positions having corresponding artificial slant range shifts;
wherein the artificial slant range shifts remain substantially constant during operation regardless of a position of the vehicle.
12 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the application module is operative to access a position and attitude of the vehicle.
13 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the application module is hosted by the radar sensor unit, or is hosted by an onboard computational platform external to the radar sensor unit.
14 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the application module is distributed to both the radar sensor unit, and an onboard computational platform external to the radar sensor unit.
15 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the application module comprises a radar altimeter application, a Doppler navigation application, or a terrain aided navigation application.
16 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the active beacons database is hosted by the radar sensor unit, or is hosted by an onboard computational platform/storage external to the radar sensor unit.
17 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the active beacons database is distributed to both the radar sensor unit, and an onboard computational platform/storage external to the radar sensor unit.
18 . The system of claim 11 , wherein the vehicle comprises a vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft, a helicopter, an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV), or an urban air mobility (UAM) vehicle.
19 . The system of claim 11 , further comprising one or more active radar beacons that include:
a receiving antenna configured to receive the radar signals from the radar sensor unit onboard the vehicle;
a signal modification module in operative communication with the receiving antenna, the signal modification module configured to perform signal adjustment of the radar signals from the receiving antenna to produce modified signals; and
a transmitting antenna in operative communication with the signal modification module, the transmitting antenna configured to transmit the modified signals to the radar sensor unit.
20 . The system of claim 19 , further comprising:
a first power level adjustment and filtering module operatively coupled between the receiving antenna and the signal modification module;
a second power level adjustment and filtering module operatively coupled between the signal modification module and the transmitting antenna;
detection circuitry operative to receive the radar signals from the first power level adjustment and filtering module; and
an active beacon control module operatively coupled to the detection circuitry, the signal modification module, and the second power level adjustment and filtering module;
wherein the detection circuitry and the active beacon control module are operative to activate the active radar beacon when incoming radar signals are received.