Vacuum insulated panel with ceramic spacers
A vacuum insulating panel includes first and second substrates (e.g., glass substrates), a hermetic edge seal, a pump-out port, and spacers sandwiched between at least the two substrates. The gap between the substrates may be at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure to provide insulating properties. The vacuum insulating panel may include ceramic (e.g., aluminosilicate glass) spacers, which may be chemically strengthened.
1 . A vacuum insulating panel comprising:
a first glass substrate;
a second glass substrate;
a plurality of spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second substrates, wherein the gap is at pressure less than atmospheric pressure;
a seal provided at least partially between at least the first and second substrates; and
wherein each of the plurality of spacers comprises ceramic material, and comprises a compressive stress region and a tension stress region, wherein compressive stress in at least part of the compressive stress region is at least about 600 MPa, and tensile stress in at least part of the tension stress region is at least about 25 MPa.
2 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein, for each of the plurality of spacers, compressive stress at a location adjacent an upper and/or lower surface of the spacer is at least about 700 MPa.
3 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein, for each of the plurality of spacers, compressive stress at a location adjacent an upper and/or lower surface of the spacer is at least about 800 MPa.
4 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein, for each of the plurality of spacers, compressive stress at a location adjacent an upper and/or lower surface of the spacer is at least about 900 MPa.
5 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein, for each of the plurality of spacers, at a location about 10 μm into the spacer from an upper and/or lower surface of the spacer, compressive stress is at least about 150 MPa.
6 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein, for each of the plurality of spacers, at a location about 10 μm into the spacer from an upper and/or lower surface of the spacer, compressive stress is at least about 200 MPa.
7 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein, for each of the plurality of spacers, at a location about 10 μm into the spacer from an upper and/or lower surface of the spacer, compressive stress is at least about 300 MPa.
8 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein, for each of the plurality of spacers, at a location about 10 μm into the spacer from an upper and/or lower surface of the spacer, compressive stress is at least about 400 MPa.
9 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein, for each of the plurality of spacers, at a location about 10 μm into the spacer from an upper and/or lower surface of the spacer, compressive stress is in a range of from about 150-700 MPa.
10 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein compressive stress in at least part of the compressive stress region is at least about 700 MPa.
11 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein compressive stress in at least part of the compressive stress region is at least about 800 MPa.
12 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein compressive stress in at least part of the compressive stress region is at least about 900 MPa.
13 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein compressive stress in at least part of the compressive stress region is in a range of from about 600-1,000 MPa.
14 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein tensile stress in at least part of the tension stress region is at least about 40 MPa.
15 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein tensile stress in at least part of the tension stress region is at least about 50 MPa.
16 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein tensile stress in at least part of the tension stress region is at least about 60 MPa.
17 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein tensile stress in at least part of the tension stress region is in a range of from about 40-90 MPa.
18 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers has a thickness of from about 120-500 μm.
19 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers has a thickness of from about 230-280 μm.
20 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein the compressive stress region comprises first and second compressive stress regions, and wherein the tension stress region is sandwiched between the first and second compressive stress regions; and
wherein compressive stress is at least about 600 MPa in at least part of each of the first and second compressive stress regions.
21 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein spacing between adjacent spacers for at least one location in the panel is at least 40 mm.
22 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein spacing between adjacent spacers at for least one location in the panel is at least 45 mm.
23 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein spacing between adjacent spacers at for least one location in the panel is at least 55 mm.
24 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein spacing between adjacent spacers for at least one location in the panel is at least 60 mm.
25 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers comprises aluminosilicate glass.
26 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers comprises lithia aluminosilicate glass.
27 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers, in at least one location in its thickness, comprises from about 5.0-9.0 wt. % lithium oxide, from about 5.0-10.0 wt. % aluminum oxide, and from about 66.0-72.0 silicon oxide.
28 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers has a Mohs hardness of from about 4.5 to 6.5.
29 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers has a Mohs hardness of from about 5.0 to 6.0.
30 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers is substantially transparent to visible light.
31 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers has a refractive index (n), at 550 nm, of from about 1.40 to 1.65.
32 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers has a refractive index (n), at 550 nm, of from about 1.45 to 1.55.
33 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers has an extinction coefficient (k) of no greater than about 0.010.
34 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers has a depth of compression (DOC) of from about 50-120 μm.
35 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers has a depth of compression (DOC), for compressive stress, of from about 50-100 μm, and at least one compressive layer with a depth of at least about 10 μm into the spacer.
36 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers is chemically strengthened.
37 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers is chemically strengthened by at least one ion exchange.
38 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers is chemically strengthened by at least two ion exchanges.
39 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers comprises an upper surface and a lower surface that are substantially parallel to each other.
40 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the first and second glass substrates comprises soda-lime-silica based float glass.
41 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein the seal comprises first and second seal layers of different material which overlap each other.
42 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 41 , wherein the seal further comprises a third seal layer.
43 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of spacers comprises a Youngs Modulus of about from 65 GPa to about 88 GPa and Shear Modulus from about 20 GPa to about 40 GPa, to reduce spacer induced defects.
44 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein the first and second glass substrates comprise tempered glass substrates or heat strengthened glass substrates.
45 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein the seal is a hermetic edge seal of the vacuum insulating panel.
46 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 1 , wherein the panel is configured for use in a window.
47 . A vacuum insulating panel comprising:
a first glass substrate;
a second glass substrate;
a plurality of ceramic spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second substrates, wherein the gap is at pressure less than atmospheric pressure;
a seal provided at least partially between at least the first and second substrates; and
wherein at least one of the plurality of ceramic spacers is chemically strengthened and comprises a compressive stress region and a tension stress region, wherein compressive stress in at least part of the compressive stress region is at least about 600 MPa, and tensile stress in at least part of the tension stress region is at least about 25 MPa.
48 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 47 , wherein the at least one of the plurality of spacers comprises aluminosilicate glass.
49 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 47 , wherein the at least one of the plurality of spacers comprises lithia aluminosilicate glass.
50 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 47 , wherein the at least one of the plurality of spacers is chemically strengthened by at least one ion exchange.
51 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 47 , wherein the at least one of the plurality of spacers is chemically strengthened by at least two ion exchanges.
52 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 47 , wherein, for the at least one of the plurality of spacers, compressive stress at a location proximate an upper and/or lower surface of the spacer is at least about 600 MPa.
53 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 47 , wherein, for the at least one of the plurality of spacers, compressive stress at a location proximate an upper and/or lower surface of the spacer is at least about 700 MPa.
54 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 47 , wherein, for the at least one of the plurality of spacers, tensile stress in at least part of the tension stress region is at least about 40 MPa.
55 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 47 , wherein, for the at least one of the plurality of spacers, tensile stress in at least part of the tension stress region is at least about 50 MPa.
56 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 47 , wherein, for the at least one of the plurality of spacers, tensile stress in at least part of the tension stress region is at least about 60 MPa.
57 . The vacuum insulating panel of claim 47 , wherein, for the at least one of the plurality of spacers, tensile stress in at least part of the tension stress region is in a range of from about 40-90 MPa.
58 . A vacuum insulating panel comprising:
a first glass substrate;
a second glass substrate;
a plurality of spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second substrates, wherein the gap is at pressure less than atmospheric pressure;
a seal provided at least partially between at least the first and second substrates;
wherein at least one of the plurality of spacers is chemically strengthened, comprises glass, has tensile stress in at least part of a tension stress region of at least about 40 MPa, and has a Mohs hardness of from about 5.0 to 6.0; and
wherein for at least one location in the panel, spacing between adjacent spacers is at least about 55 mm.