Analog-to-digital converter with an over-range stage

1 . A analog-to-digital converter (ADC) comprising:

a time-domain ADC core that includes:

a first delay-to-digital stage having a terminal;

a second delay-to-digital stage having a terminal;

a third delay-to-digital stage having a terminal; and

calibration circuitry coupled to the terminal of the first delay-to-digital stage, the terminal of the second delay-to-digital stage, and the terminal of the third delay-to-digital stage of stages, the calibration circuitry is configured to calibrate the first delay-to-digital stage, the second delay-to-digital stage, and the third delay-to-digital stage based on a zero-crossing calibration and an over-range calibration, the over-range calibration setting a maximum threshold and a minimum threshold for the time-domain ADC core relative to a reference voltage.

2 . The ADC of claim 1 , wherein the calibration circuitry is configured to:

calibrate the first delay-to-digital stage as a zero-crossing stage based on the zero-crossing calibration; and

calibrate the second delay-to-digital stage as an over-range stage based on the over-range calibration.

3 . The ADC of claim 2 , wherein the calibration circuitry is configured to:

calibrate the third delay-to-digital stage to a first intermediate threshold between zero and the maximum threshold; and

calibrate the third delay-to-digital stage to a second intermediate threshold between zero and the minimum threshold.

4 . The ADC of claim 1 , wherein the terminal of the first delay-to-digital stage is a first terminal, the first delay-to-digital stage has a second terminal and a third terminal, the time-domain ADC core further comprises voltage-to-delay (V2D) circuitry having a first terminal, a second terminal, and a third terminal, the second terminal of the V2D circuitry coupled to the second terminal of the first delay-to-digital stage, and the third terminal of the V2D circuitry coupled to the third terminal of the first delay-to-digital stage.

5 . The ADC of claim 4 , further comprising a pipeline stage having an output coupled to the first terminal of the V2D circuitry.

6 . The ADC of claim 1 , wherein the time-domain ADC core includes additional delay-to-digital stages, wherein the calibration circuitry is configured to interpolate thresholds for each of the additional delay-to-digital stages between two exponential curves.

7 . The ADC of claim 6 , wherein each delay-to-digital stage of the additional delay-to-digital stages has a gain greater than one.

8 . The ADC of claim 1 , wherein the time-domain ADC core has a data rate of at least 8 Gsps.

9 . The ADC of claim 3 , wherein the time-domain ADC core includes a fourth delay-to-digital stage coupled to the calibration circuitry, and the calibration circuitry is configured to:

calibrate the fourth delay-to-digital stage to a third intermediate threshold between zero and the first intermediate threshold;

calibrate the fourth delay-to-digital stage to a fourth intermediate threshold between the first intermediate threshold and the maximum threshold;

calibrate the fourth delay-to-digital stage to a fifth intermediate threshold between zero and the second intermediate threshold; and

calibrate the fourth delay-to-digital stage to a sixth intermediate threshold between the second intermediate threshold and the minimum threshold.

10 . The ADC of claim 9 , wherein the time-domain ADC core includes a fifth delay-to-digital stage coupled to the calibration circuitry, and the calibration circuitry is configured to:

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to a seventh intermediate threshold between zero and the third intermediate threshold;

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to an eighth intermediate threshold between third intermediate threshold and the first intermediate threshold;

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to a ninth intermediate threshold between first intermediate threshold and the fourth intermediate threshold;

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to a tenth intermediate threshold between fourth intermediate threshold and the maximum threshold;

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to an eleventh intermediate threshold between zero and the fifth intermediate threshold;

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to a twelfth intermediate threshold between the fifth intermediate threshold and the second intermediate threshold;

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to a thirteenth intermediate threshold between the second intermediate threshold and the fifth intermediate threshold; and

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to a fourteenth intermediate threshold between the fifth intermediate threshold and the minimum threshold.

11 . A circuit comprising:

a time-domain analog-to-digital converter (ADC) including delay-to-digital stages; and

calibration circuitry coupled to each delay-to-digital stage of the delay-to-digital stages, the calibration circuitry configured to calibrate the delay-to-digital stages based on a zero-crossing calibration and an over-range calibration, the over-range calibration setting a maximum threshold and a minimum threshold for the time-domain ADC relative to a reference voltage.

12 . The circuit of claim 11 , wherein the delay-to-digital stages include a first delay-to-digital stage, a second delay-to-digital stage, and a third delay-to-digital stage, and the calibration circuitry is configured to:

calibrate the first delay-to-digital stage as a zero-crossing stage; and

calibrate the second delay-to-digital stage as an over-range stage.

13 . The circuit of claim 12 , the calibration circuitry is configured to:

calibrate the third delay-to-digital stage to a first intermediate threshold between zero and the maximum threshold; and

calibrate the third delay-to-digital stage to a second intermediate threshold between zero and the minimum threshold.

14 . The circuit of claim 13 , wherein time-domain ADC comprises fourth and fifth delay-to-digital stages coupled to the calibration circuitry, and the calibration circuitry is configured to:

calibrate the fourth delay-to-digital stage to a third intermediate threshold between zero and the first intermediate threshold; and

calibrate the fourth delay-to-digital stage to a fourth intermediate threshold between the first intermediate threshold and the maximum threshold;

calibrate the fourth delay-to-digital stage to a fifth intermediate threshold between zero and the second intermediate threshold;

calibrate the fourth delay-to-digital stage to a sixth intermediate threshold between the second intermediate threshold and the minimum threshold;

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to a seventh intermediate threshold between zero and the third intermediate threshold;

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to an eighth intermediate threshold between third intermediate threshold and the first intermediate threshold;

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to a ninth intermediate threshold between first intermediate threshold and the fourth intermediate threshold;

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to a tenth intermediate threshold between fourth intermediate threshold and the maximum threshold;

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to an eleventh intermediate threshold between zero and the fifth intermediate threshold;

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to a twelfth intermediate threshold between the fifth intermediate threshold and the second intermediate threshold;

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to a thirteenth intermediate threshold between the second intermediate threshold and the fifth intermediate threshold; and

calibrate the fifth delay-to-digital stage to a fourteenth intermediate threshold between the fifth intermediate threshold and the minimum threshold.

15 . The circuit of claim 12 , wherein the time-domain ADC includes voltage-to-delay (V2D) circuitry coupled to the first delay-to-digital stage, the V2D circuitry configured to:

receive an analog signal; and

provide first and second pulses to the first delay-to-digital stage responsive to the analog signal, the second pulse delayed relative to the first pulse.

16 . The circuit of claim 12 , further comprising digital circuitry and a controller, the digital circuitry coupled to at least some of the delay-to-digital stages, the digital circuitry is configured to combine an output of each delay-to-digital stage of the delay-to-digital stages except the over-range stage to generate a multi-bit digital code, and the controller is configured to perform a control response based on the multi-bit digital code.

17 . The circuit of claim 12 , wherein the circuit further comprising analog front-end (AFE) circuitry, additional time-domain ADCs, and a controller, the AFE circuitry configured to receive signals from multiple antennas and provide AFE outputs, the time-domain ADC and the additional time-domain ADCs are configured to generate digital signals based on the AFE outputs, and the controller is configured to perform a control response based on the digital signals.

18 . The circuit of claim 17 , wherein the control response is a radar operation and the time-domain ADC and the additional time-domain ADCs operate at 8 Gbps or higher.

19 . A method comprising:

calibrating a first delay-to-digital stage as a zero-crossing stage with a zero-crossing threshold;

calibrating a second delay-to-digital stage as an over-range stage, the over-range stage setting a maximum threshold and a minimum threshold for a time-domain analog-to-digital converter (ADC) relative to a reference voltage;

calibrating each delay-to-digital stage of additional delay-to-digital stages based on the zero-crossing threshold, the maximum threshold, and the minimum threshold;

receiving an analog input signal; and

digitizing the analog input signal based on the calibrated zero-crossing stage, the calibrated over-range stage, and calibrated additional delay-to-digital stages.

20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein digitizing the analog input signal includes generating a multi-bit digital signal by combining an output of the zero-crossing stage and outputs of the additional delay-to-digital stages, but not an output of the over-range stage.

21 . The method of claim 19 , wherein digitizing the analog input signal includes converting a voltage of the analog input signal to pulses offset from each other.