SOLID STATE BATTERY SYSTEM USABLE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES AND METHODS OF USE AND MANUFACTURE THEREOF
A battery cell that include sulfide cathodes are described with examples being suitable for operation at elevated temperatures. Also described are methods of making and using these battery cells.
1 . A battery cell comprising:
a solid-state electrolyte (SSE) comprising:
a solid-state dense region having a porosity of less than 5%; and a solid-state first porous region having a porosity of 40% to 90%;
a sulfide cathode contacting the SSE, wherein
an anode material is disposed in pores of at least a portion of the first porous region.
2 . The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode material comprises lithium metal.
3 . The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode material is lithium.
4 . The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode material comprises sodium metal.
5 . The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode material is sodium metal.
6 . The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the pores contain melted anode material.
7 . The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the sulfide cathode comprises a cathode material selected from the group consisting of TiS 2 , MoS 2 , WS 2 , Vanadium sulfides, ZrS 2 , NbS 2 , TaS 2 CuS, FeS, and NiS.
8 . The battery cell of claim 3 , wherein the sulfide cathode comprises a cathode material selected from the group consisting of TiS 2 , MoS 2 , WS 2 , Vanadium sulfides, ZrS 2 , NbS 2 , TaS 2 CuS, FeS, and NiS.
9 . The battery cell of claim 3 , wherein the sulfide cathode comprises a cathode material that is TiS 2 .
10 . The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the battery cell is operable up to 400° C.
11 . A method of operating the battery cell of claim 1 comprising discharging and charging the battery cell at a temperature up to 300° C.
12 . A battery cell comprising:
a lithium garnet solid-state electrolyte (SSE);
an anode comprising a lithium metal anode material, the anode in contact with the lithium-garnet SSE;
a cathode comprising a cathode material that is a metal sulfide or an olivine, the cathode in contact with the lithium-garnet SSE.
13 . The battery cell of claim 12 , wherein the SSE comprises pores with the pores containing lithium metal anode material in the melted state.
14 . The battery cell of claim 12 , wherein the cathode material is the metal sulfide, and the cathode comprises a second cathode material that is sulfur, and the sulfur is present as particles within the metal sulfide.
15 . The battery cell of claim 12 , wherein the battery cell is operable for charging and discharging at 150° C.
16 . The battery cell of claim 12 , wherein the cathode material is the metal sulfide and the metal sulfide is a lithiated and/or non-lithiated form of a material selected from the group consisting of TiS 2 , MoS 2 , WS 2 , Vanadium sulfides, ZrS 2 , NbS 2 , TaS 2 CuS, FeS, and NiS.
17 . The battery cell of claim 12 , wherein the cathode material is the metal sulfide and the metal sulfide is lithiated and/or non-lithiated TiS 2 .
18 . The battery cell of claim 12 , wherein the cathode material is the metal sulfide and the cathode further comprises carbon nanotubes located on a surface of the metal sulfide.
19 . The battery cell of claim 12 , wherein the cathode further comprises an electrically conductive carbon located on a surface of the metal sulfide.
20 . The battery cell of claim 12 , wherein the battery cell is operable from 60 to 150° C. to charge and discharge the battery.
21 . The method of operating the battery cell of claim 12 comprising:
discharging and charging the battery cell at a temperature of 80-150° C.
22 . The method of operating the battery cell of claim 12 comprising:
discharging and charging the battery cell at a temperature of 100-150° C.
23 . The method of operating the battery cell of claim 12 comprising:
discharging and charging the battery cell at a temperature of 150° C.
24 . A method of operating the battery cell of claim 12 comprising:
discharging the battery cell during or after contact with a flame.