Electrophotographic member and electrophotographic image forming apparatus
An electrophotographic member comprising: a base material; an elastic layer on the base material; and a surface layer on the elastic layer, wherein the elastic layer comprises silicone rubber, the surface layer comprises fluoro rubber, a thickness of the surface layer is 3 μm or more, an elastic deformation power ηIT calculated from a load displacement curve, obtained with a nanoindentation test according to ISO 14577 by bringing a Vickers indenter into contact with an outer surface of the surface layer and setting a test load at 120 μN, is 30 to 50%, and a Martens hardness determined by the nanoindentation test at the outer surface of the surface layer is 12.0 to 18.0 N/mm 2 .
1. An electrophotographic member comprising:
a base material;
an elastic layer on the base material; and
a surface layer on the elastic layer, wherein
the elastic layer comprises silicone rubber,
the surface layer comprises fluoro rubber,
a thickness of the surface layer is 3 μm or more,
an elastic deformation power ηIT calculated from a load displacement curve, obtained with a nanoindentation test according to ISO 14577 by bringing a Vickers indenter into contact with an outer surface of the surface layer and setting a test load at 120 μN, is 30 to 50%, and
a Martens hardness determined by the nanoindentation test at the outer surface of the surface layer is 12.0 to 18.0 N/mm 2 .
2. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1 , wherein
a micro rubber hardness upon measuring the elastic layer by a press needle of type C is 70 to 85°.
3. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1 , wherein
the fluoro rubber is an amine vulcanizate of unvulcanized fluoro rubber.
4. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1 , wherein
the fluoro rubber has at least one structure selected from the group consisting of formulae (1) and (2) below:
where n1 and n2 each independently represent an integer of 1 or more.
5. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1 , wherein
a thickness of the elastic layer is 200 to 450 μm.
6. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1 , wherein
the elastic deformation power ηIT is 35 to 40%, and
the Martens hardness is 13.0 to 14.0 N/mm 2 .
7. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1 , wherein
the electrophotographic member is an intermediate transfer member.
8. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1 , wherein
the electrophotographic member has an endless belt shape.
9. An electrophotographic image forming apparatus comprising an electrophotographic member, wherein
the electrophotographic member comprising:
a base material;
an elastic layer on the base material; and
a surface layer on the elastic layer, wherein
the elastic layer comprises silicone rubber,
the surface layer comprises fluoro rubber,
a thickness of the surface layer is 3 μm or more,
an elastic deformation power ηIT calculated from a load displacement curve, obtained with a nanoindentation test according to ISO 14577 by bringing a Vickers indenter into contact with an outer surface of the surface layer and setting a test load at 120 μN, is 30 to 50%, and
a Martens hardness determined by the nanoindentation test at the outer surface of the surface layer is 12.0 to 18.0 N/mm 2 .
10. The electrophotographic image forming apparatus according to claim 9 , comprising the electrophotographic member as an intermediate transfer member.