Detecting heart rate variability using a hearable
Techniques and apparatuses are described that perform heart rate variability detection using a hearable. A hearable, such as an earbud, is capable of performing a novel physiological monitoring process termed herein audioplethysmography, which is an active acoustic method capable of sensing subtle physiologically-related changes observable at a user's outer and middle ear. Instead of relying on other auxiliary sensors, such as optical or electrical sensors, audioplethysmography involves transmitting and receiving acoustic signals to monitor a user's biometrics, including heart rate variability and/or blood pressure. In addition to being relatively unobtrusive, some hearables can be configured to support audioplethysmography without the need for additional hardware. As such, the size, cost, and power usage of the hearable can help make health monitoring accessible to a larger group of people and improve the user experience with hearables.
1 . A method comprising:
transmitting a first acoustic transmit signal that propagates within at least a portion of an ear canal of a person, the first acoustic transmit signal having multiple frequencies;
receiving an acoustic receive signal, the acoustic receive signal representing a version of the first acoustic transmit signal with one or more characteristics modified due to the propagation within the ear canal;
selecting a subset of the multiple frequencies based on the one or more modified characteristics of the acoustic receive signal; and
transmitting a second acoustic transmit signal that propagates within at least the portion of the ear canal of the person, the second acoustic transmit signal having the subset of the multiple frequencies.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein a quantity of the subset of the multiple frequencies is less than a quantity of the multiple frequencies.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the transmitting of the second acoustic transmit signal comprises transmitting the second acoustic transmit signal having a higher amplitude at each frequency within the subset of the multiple frequencies compared to an amplitude of the first acoustic transmit signal at each of the multiple frequencies.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the transmitting of the second acoustic transmit signal comprises transmitting the second acoustic transmit signal having a longer duration at each frequency within the subset of the multiple frequencies compared to a duration of the first acoustic transmit signal at each of the multiple frequencies.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the selecting the subset of the multiple frequencies comprises:
determining at least one frequency of the multiple frequencies is associated with an amplitude of the acoustic receive signal having a peak-to-average ratio that is above a threshold; and
determining at least one other frequency of the multiple frequencies is associated with a phase of the acoustic receive signal having another peak-to-average ratio that is above the threshold.
6 . A device comprising:
at least one transducer configured to:
transmit a first acoustic transmit signal that propagates within at least a portion of an ear canal of a person, the first acoustic transmit signal having multiple frequencies;
receive an acoustic receive signal, the acoustic receive signal representing a version of the first acoustic transmit signal with one or more characteristics modified due to the propagation within the ear canal; and
transmit a second acoustic transmit signal that propagates within at least the portion of the ear canal of the person, the second acoustic transmit signal having a subset of the multiple frequencies;
and
at least one processor configured to:
select, prior to the transmission of the second acoustic transmit signal, the subset of the multiple frequencies based on the one or more modified characteristics of the acoustic receive signal.
7 . The device of claim 6 , further comprising:
a speaker; and
an active-noise-cancellation circuit comprising a feedback microphone,
wherein the at least one transducer comprises the speaker and the feedback microphone.
8 . The device of claim 6 , wherein:
the at least one transducer comprises a speaker and a microphone;
the speaker is configured to be positioned proximate to a first ear of the person; and
the microphone is configured to be positioned proximate to a second ear of the person.
9 . The device of claim 6 , further comprising:
two hearables positioned proximate to different ears of the person, the two hearables each comprising the at least one transducer and the at least one processor,
wherein the two hearables are configured to transmit acoustic signals having different sets of tones.
10 . The device of claim 6 , wherein the device comprises at least one earbud.
11 . The device of claim 6 , wherein a quantity of the subset of the multiple frequencies is less than a quantity of the multiple frequencies.
12 . The device of claim 6 , wherein the at least one transducer is further configured to transmit the second acoustic transmit signal such that the second acoustic transmit signal has a higher amplitude at each frequency within the subset of the multiple frequencies compared to an amplitude of the first acoustic transmit signal at each of the multiple frequencies.
13 . The device of claim 6 , wherein the at least one transducer is further configured to transmit the second acoustic transmit signal such that the second acoustic transmit signal has a longer duration at each frequency within the subset of the multiple frequencies compared to a duration of the first acoustic transmit signal at each of the multiple frequencies.
14 . The device of claim 6 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:
determine that at least one frequency of the multiple frequencies is associated with an amplitude of the acoustic receive signal having a peak-to-average ratio that is above a threshold;
determine at least one other frequency of the multiple frequencies is associated with a phase of the acoustic receive signal having another peak-to-average ratio that is above the threshold; and
select the subset of the multiple frequencies such that the subset of the multiple frequencies comprises the at least one frequency and the at least one other frequency.
15 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
receiving a second acoustic receive signal that represents a version of the second acoustic transmit signal with one or more characteristics modified due to the propagation within the ear canal; and
determining a heart rate variability of the person based on the one or more modified characteristics of the second acoustic receive signal, wherein:
the determining of the heart rate variability of the person comprises:
generating a down-converted signal based on the second acoustic receive signal by mixing a digital version of the second acoustic receive signal with a digital version of the second acoustic transmit signal using an in-phase and quadrature mixer;
generating a filtered signal based on the down-converted signal by passing the down-converted signal through a low-pass filter; and
measuring the heart rate variability based on peaks within at least one of an amplitude or a phase of the filtered signal.
16 . The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
determining a blood pressure of the person based on the one or more modified characteristics of the second acoustic receive signal.
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the determining of the blood pressure of the person comprises:
detecting occurrences of a dicrotic notch within at least one of an amplitude or a phase of a version of the acoustic receive signal; and
measuring the blood pressure of the person based on the occurrences of the dicrotic notch.
18 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first acoustic transmit signal and the second acoustic transmit signal each comprise an ultrasound signal having frequencies between approximately twenty kilohertz and two megahertz.
19 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
transmitting audible content during at least a portion of time that the first acoustic transmit signal and the second acoustic transmit signal are transmitted.
20 . A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause a hearable to:
transmit a first acoustic transmit signal that propagates within at least a portion of an ear canal of a person, the first acoustic transmit signal having multiple frequencies;
receive an acoustic receive signal, the acoustic receive signal representing a version of the first acoustic transmit signal with one or more characteristics modified due to the propagation within the ear canal;
select a subset of the multiple frequencies based on the one or more modified characteristics of the acoustic receive signal; and
transmit a second acoustic transmit signal that propagates within at least the portion of the ear canal of the person, the second acoustic transmit signal having the subset of the multiple frequencies.