SURFACE-FUNCTIONALIZED METAL OXIDE NANOMATERIALS AND USE IN BATTERY ELECTRODES
Compositions, battery electrodes including such compositions, and batteries are disclosed. The disclosed compositions include nanoparticles of a surface-functionalized solid metal oxide, such as where diameters of the nanoparticles are less than one micron. The nanoparticles are surface functionalized with electron withdrawing groups other than hydroxyl, such as with a halogen-containing group, a sulfur-containing group, a nitrogen-containing group, a boron-containing group, a cyano-containing group, or an organic acid-containing group.
1 . A composition comprising:
nanoparticles of a surface-functionalized solid metal oxide, wherein a diameter of the nanoparticles is less than one micron, wherein the nanoparticles comprise oxygen and a metal, wherein the nanoparticles are surface functionalized with an electron withdrawing group, and wherein the electron withdrawing group is one or more of:
Cl, ClO, ClO 2 , ClO 3 , ClO 4 , or hydrogenated forms thereof;
Br, BrO, BrO 2 , BrO 3 , BrO 4 , or hydrogenated forms thereof;
I or IO 3 ;
F;
S, SO 2 , SO 3 , SO 4 , or hydrogenated forms thereof;
N, NO, NO 2 , NO 3 , or hydrogenated forms thereof;
BO 3 or HBO 3 ;
CN, SCN, or OCN; or
COO, CH 3 COO, CO 3 , HCO 3 , C 2 O 4 , C 6 H 7 O 7 , C 2 H 5 CO 2 , C 3 H 7 CO 2 , or C 4 H 9 CO 2 .
2 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the diameter is from 1 nm to 1000 nm, 100 nm or less, 20 nm or less, or 10 nm or less.
3 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise monodispersed particles.
4 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles are in the form of agglomerates, an interconnected porous matrix, or dispersed individual particles.
5 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal is selected from iron, tin, antimony, bismuth, titanium, zirconium, manganese, indium, or a combination of these.
6 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal is selected from tin, titanium, iron, or zirconium, or a combination of these.
7 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles correspond to mixed metal oxide nanoparticles comprising oxygen and a plurality of different metals.
8 . The composition of claim 7 , wherein the plurality of different metals includes tin and iron, antimony and tin, aluminum and tin, lithium and iron, or lithium and tin.
9 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise acidified metal oxide nanoparticles that are not super acidic.
10 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles exhibit a pH less than 7 and a Hammet Function (H 0 ) greater than −12.
11 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles exhibit a pH less than 7 and a Hammet Function (H 0 ) greater than −12, the pH measured when a dried form of the nanoparticles is suspended in water at 5 wt %.
12 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the electron withdrawing group is one or more of Cl, Br, BO 3 , NO 3 , SO 4 , C 2 H 3 O 2 , C 2 O 4 , or C 6 H 5 O 7 .
13 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles exhibit an amorphous character or a mixture of amorphous and crystalline characters.
14 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles exhibit a crystalline character or a mixture of crystalline and amorphous characters.
15 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles exhibit plate-like morphologies, spherical-like morphologies, needle-like morphologies, or rod-like morphologies.
16 . A mixture or composite comprising:
the composition of claim 1 ; and
one or more additives.
17 . The mixture or composite of claim 16 , wherein the one or more additives comprise a non-acidified metal oxide, a binder, or a conductive aid.
18 . A battery electrode comprising:
the mixture or composite of claim 16 , wherein the one or more additives comprise a binder or conductive carbon.
19 . A battery comprising:
the electrode of claim 18 ;
a counter electrode; and
an electrolyte positioned between the electrode and the counter electrode.