Combustion system having a fuel cell and a carbon capture system
A combustion system includes a topping cycle that generates a flow of exhaust gas, a bottoming cycle, and a fuel cell. The fuel cell includes an anode side, a cathode side, and an electrolyte. The cathode side receives the flow of exhaust gas from the topping cycle via a cathode inlet line. The cathode side removes a first portion of pollutants from the exhaust gas. A heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) receives the exhaust gases from the cathode side via a cathode outlet line, and the HRSG generates a flow of steam for use in the bottoming cycle. A bypass line extends from the cathode inlet line to the cathode outlet line. The combustion system further includes a carbon capture system that is fluidly coupled to the HRSG via an HRSG outlet line. The carbon capture system removes a second portion of pollutants from the exhaust gas.
1. A combustion system comprising:
a topping cycle generating a flow of exhaust gas;
a bottoming cycle;
a fuel cell including an anode side, a cathode side, and an electrolyte, the cathode side receiving the flow of exhaust gas from the topping cycle via a cathode inlet line, the cathode side removing a first portion of pollutants from the exhaust gas;
a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) that receives the exhaust gas from the cathode side via a cathode outlet line, the HRSG generating a flow of steam for use in the bottoming cycle;
a bypass line extending from the cathode inlet line to the cathode outlet line;
a first carbon capture system fluidly coupled to the HRSG via a HRSG outlet line, the first carbon capture system removing a second portion of pollutants from the exhaust gas; and
a second carbon capture system disposed in fluid communication on the bypass line.
2. The combustion system as in claim 1 , further comprising a bypass control valve disposed in fluid communication on the bypass line.
3. The combustion system as in claim 1 , wherein each of the first carbon capture system and the second carbon capture system comprise an adsorption bed.
4. The combustion system as in claim 1 , further comprising an air inlet line fluidly coupled to the atmosphere and to the first carbon capture system.
5. The combustion system as in claim 1 , wherein the topping cycle is a gas turbine coupled to a first load, the gas turbine including a compressor section, a combustion section, and a turbine section, the turbine section generating the exhaust gas.
6. The combustion system as in claim 5 , further comprising an exhaust gas recirculation line fluidly coupling the turbine section to the compressor section.
7. The combustion system as in claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell is a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC).
8. The combustion system as in claim 1 , further comprising an exhaust line fluidly extending between the first carbon capture system and an exhaust stack.
9. The combustion system as in claim 1 , wherein the anode side receives a flow of fuel and/or steam via an anode inlet line.
10. The combustion system as in claim 1 , further comprising an anode outlet line fluidly coupled to a separation system for removing water and liquid carbon dioxide from anode output products.
11. The combustion system as in claim 1 , wherein between about 85% and about 100% of the pollutants from the exhaust gas exiting the topping cycle are captured collectively by the fuel cell and the first carbon capture system.
12. A method of operating a combustion system, the combustion system comprising a topping cycle, a fuel cell fluidly coupled to the topping cycle, a first carbon capture system, and a second carbon capture system, the method comprising:
operating the toping cycle, whereby exhaust gases are generated;
providing a first amount of the exhaust gases to a cathode side of the fuel cell via a cathode inlet line;
providing a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) that receives the first amount of the exhaust gases from the cathode side via a cathode outlet line, the HRSG generating a flow of steam for use in a bottoming cycle;
providing a second amount of the exhaust gases to the first carbon capture system at least partially via a bypass line that fluidly couples to the combustion system downstream of the fuel cell, the bypass line extending from the cathode inlet line to the cathode outlet line, wherein the second carbon capture system is disposed in fluid communication on the bypass line upstream of the HRSG; and
varying the first amount and the second amount while maintaining a total plant capture rate.
13. The method as in claim 12 , wherein varying the first amount and the second amount while maintaining the total plant capture rate further comprises:
selectively actuating a control valve positioned on the bypass line to adjust the first amount and the second amount.
14. The method as in claim 12 , further comprising providing cathode output products to the first carbon capture system along with the second amount of the exhaust gases.
15. The method as in claim 12 , further comprising:
initiating operation of the fuel cell, whereby the fuel cell transitions between a minimum pollutant capturing state and a maximum pollutant capturing state over a time period;
providing the first amount of the exhaust gases to the cathode side of the fuel cell at a generally increasing rate over the time period while the fuel cell transitions between the minimum pollutant capturing state and the maximum pollutant capturing state;
providing the second amount of the exhaust gases as a remainder of the exhaust gases to the first carbon capture system.
16. The method as in claim 15 , further comprising:
simultaneously providing the second amount of the exhaust gases to the first carbon capture system at a generally decreasing rate over the time period while the fuel cell transitions between the minimum pollutant capturing state and the maximum pollutant capturing state.
17. The method as in claim 12 , further comprising:
operating the topping cycle to produce a first power output, wherein operating the topping cycle comprises providing fuel to a combustion section to produce combustion gases and providing the combustion gases to a turbine section to generate the first power output and the exhaust gases;
operating the fuel cell to produce a fuel cell power output, wherein operating the fuel cell comprises providing fuel to an anode side of the fuel cell and providing the first amount of exhaust gases to the cathode side of the fuel cell; and
operating the bottoming cycle to produce a second power output, wherein operating the bottoming cycle includes providing cathode output products and the second amount of the exhaust gases to the heat recovery steam generator to produce the steam, wherein operating the bottoming cycle further includes providing the steam to a steam turbine to produce the second power output, and wherein a total plant power output includes the first power output, the second power output, and the fuel cell power output.
18. The method as in claim 17 , further comprising adjusting the total plant power output while maintaining the total plant capture rate by:
adjusting the first amount of exhaust gases provided to the cathode side and adjusting an amount of fuel supplied to the anode side of the fuel cell, whereby the fuel cell power output is adjusted, and whereby a fuel cell capture rate is adjusted;
adjusting a capture rate of the first carbon capture system by adjusting a flow of steam provided to the first carbon capture system, whereby the second power output is adjusted.