Focused acoustic radiation for rapid sequential ejection of subwavelength droplets
Focused acoustic radiation, referred to as tonebursts, are applied to a volume of liquid to generate a set of droplets. In one embodiment, a first toneburst is applied to temporarily raise a mound or protuberance on a free surface of the fluid. After the mound has reached a certain state, at least two additional toneburst can be applied to the protuberance to sequentially eject multiple bursts of multiple droplets. In one embodiment, the state of the mound can be maintained by a sustained acoustic signal, during which time multiple additional tonebursts can be applied to sequentially eject multiple bursts of multiple droplets from the mound.
1 . A method of ejecting droplets from a fluid in a reservoir, the method comprising:
applying a stabilizing acoustic waveform to the fluid to stabilize a fluid mound on a free surface of the fluid;
refining the stabilizing acoustic waveform in response to a change in a shape of the fluid mound; and
applying an ejection toneburst to the fluid mound, the ejection toneburst generating from the fluid mound a plurality of droplets.
2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising placing the fluid in an electric field, comprising:
positioning an electrode above the free surface of the fluid; and
applying an electric potential to the electrode, relative to the fluid or a container holding the fluid.
3 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising placing the fluid in an electric field, comprising applying a series of switched electric voltages.
4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the plurality of droplets comprise droplets having different net free charges.
5 . The method of claim 3 , wherein applying the series of switched electric voltages comprises applying varying electrical potentials according to a spatial or temporal sequence.
6 . The method of claim 3 , further comprising:
ejecting one or more droplets of the plurality of droplets into an inlet of an analytical device; and
performing time-resolved measurements, using the analytical device, based on net free charges of the one or more droplets.
7 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising placing the fluid in an electric field, wherein the electric field is applied to the fluid while the ejection toneburst is applied to the fluid.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein a time at which the ejection toneburst is applied to the fluid mound is determined based on a size of the fluid mound.
9 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
applying a mound raising acoustic waveform to the fluid prior to applying the stabilizing acoustic waveform to the fluid, the mound raising acoustic waveform having a first amplitude,
wherein the stabilizing acoustic waveform is applied to the fluid at a delay after applying the mound raising acoustic waveform, the stabilizing acoustic waveform having a second amplitude, wherein the first amplitude is greater than the second amplitude.
10 . The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
calibrating the delay to achieve a stable or steady-state fluid mound.
11 . A droplet ejection system configured to eject droplets from a free surface of a fluid in a fluid reservoir, the system comprising:
an acoustic ejector comprising a transducer configured to be positioned opposite the free surface of the fluid in the fluid reservoir; and
a controller comprising a processor and memory storing executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the controller to perform operations including:
applying, by the acoustic ejector, a stabilizing acoustic waveform to stabilize a fluid mound on the free surface of the fluid in the fluid reservoir;
refining the stabilizing acoustic waveform in response to a change in a shape of the fluid mound; and
applying, by the acoustic ejector, an ejection toneburst to the fluid mound, the ejection toneburst configured to eject from the fluid mound a plurality of droplets.
12 . The droplet ejection system of claim 11 , further comprising an electrode positioned above the free surface of the fluid, wherein the controller is further controlled to perform applying, by the electrode, an electric field to place the fluid in the electric field, wherein said applying the electric field comprises applying an electric potential to the electrode, relative to the fluid or a container holding the fluid.
13 . The droplet ejection system of claim 11 , further comprising an electrode positioned above the free surface of the fluid, wherein the controller is further controlled to perform applying, by the electrode, an electric field to place the fluid in the electric field, wherein said applying the electric field comprises applying a series of switched electric voltages.
14 . The droplet ejection system of claim 11 , wherein the plurality of droplets comprise droplets having different net free charges.
15 . The droplet ejection system of claim 13 , wherein applying the series of switched electric voltage comprises applying varying electrical potentials according to a spatial or temporal sequence.
16 . The droplet ejection system of claim 11 , further comprising an electrode positioned above the free surface of the fluid, wherein the controller is further controlled to perform applying, by the electrode, an electric field to place the fluid in the electric field, wherein said applying the electric field comprises applying the electric field while the ejection toneburst is applied to the fluid.
17 . The droplet ejection system of claim 11 , wherein a time at which the ejection toneburst is applied to the fluid mound is determined based on a size of the fluid mound.
18 . The droplet ejection system of claim 11 , wherein the executable instructions also cause the controller apply a mound raising acoustic waveform to the fluid, the mound raising acoustic waveform having a first amplitude wherein the executable instructions cause the controller to apply the stabilizing acoustic waveform to the fluid at a delay after applying the mound raising acoustic waveform, the stabilizing acoustic waveform having a second amplitude, wherein the first amplitude is greater than the second amplitude.
19 . A method of ejecting droplets from a fluid in a reservoir, the method comprising:
raising a fluid mound on a free surface of the fluid by applying a mound-raising toneburst of focused acoustic radiation to the fluid in the reservoir;
refining the mound raising toneburst in response to a change in a shape of the fluid mound; and
applying an ejection toneburst to the fluid mound, the ejection toneburst generating from the fluid mound a plurality of droplets, wherein the ejection toneburst is applied before the fluid mound has reached a maximum height.
20 . The method of claim 19 , further comprising placing the fluid in an electric field, wherein placing the fluid in the electric field comprises applying a series of switched electric voltages, wherein the plurality of droplets comprise droplets having different electrical potentials or different net free charges.