Distributed time resolved fluorescence sensor using temporally correlated photons
A device including a continuous (CW)]] wave source of pairs of entangled photons comprising a first photon entangled with a second photon; a first channel terminated by a first detector configured to detect the first photon and a second channel terminated by a second detector configured to detect a output photon emitted by an excited state of matter excited by the second photon in the second channel; a splitter for splitting the pairs of entangled photons into the channels, so that the first photon comprising a reference photon is transmitted to the first channel and the second photon is transmitted to the second channel; and a timing circuit coupled to the detectors operable to measure a time delay between arrival times measured at the detectors of the output photon and the first photon entangled with the second photon used to generate the output photon.
1 . A device, comprising:
a continuous wave (CW) source of pairs of entangled photons, each pair comprising a first photon entangled with a second photon;
a pair of channels comprising a first channel terminated by a first detector configured to detect the first photon and a second channel terminated by a second detector configured to detect a output photon emitted by an excited state of a sample excited by the second photon in the second channel;
a splitter for splitting the pairs of entangled photons into the channels, so that the first photon comprising a reference photon is transmitted to the first channel and the second photon is transmitted to the second channel; and
a timing circuit coupled to the detectors operable to measure a time delay between arrival times measured at the detectors of the output photon and the first photon entangled with the second photon used to generate the output photon.
2 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the CW source comprises a laser diode configured to pump a nonlinear SPDC material to generate a signal and an idler comprising the first photon and the second photon, and wherein the detectors comprise single photon detectors.
3 . The device of claim 2 , comprising a photonic integrated circuit comprising at least one of the CW source or the SPDC material.
4 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the splitter comprises a dichroic filter or a filter that separates the first photon and the second photon based on their differences in frequency or wavelength.
5 . The device of claim 1 , further comprising a counting circuit coupled to the detectors and operable to count a number of detection events each comprising the detection, at the detectors, of the first photon and the output photon for which the time delay is measured.
6 . The device of claim 5 , wherein the output photon comprises a fluorescence photon and further comprising a computer configured to determine a fluorescence lifetime of the excited state from the detection events.
7 . The device of claim 6 , wherein the computer determines the fluorescence lifetime from statistical data comprising a frequency of the time delays obtained from the number of the detection events.
8 . The device of claim 7 , wherein the number of detection events is counted during a time window selected so that an uncertainty in a measurement of the fluorescence lifetime is less than 10%.
9 . The device of claim 8 , wherein the time window is less than 1 minute.
10 . The device of claim 7 , wherein the fluorescence lifetime is measured by fitting the statistical data with a convolution of a theoretical fit and a measurement of the device's response function (IRF).
11 . The device of claim 7 , further comprising: an attenuator operable to suppress a flux of the entangled photons to a level below a predetermined threshold so as prevent loss of the detection events arising from a dead-time of the detectors, and wherein the circuit is configured to count the first photons to monitor for drift in the time delay not associated with the lifetime.
12 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the first photons and the second photons each have a frequency within a frequency spread (standard deviation) corresponding to a correlation time less than 100 femtoseconds, or short enough to measure a decay of a fluorescence lifetime of the excited state, or such that the device's response function (IRF) has a full width at half maximum that is at least 10 times smaller than a lifetime of the excited state so as to perform a time resolved measurement of the excited state.
13 . The device of claim 1 , further comprising a computer configured to determine a property of the excited state from a change in a temporal correlation between the first photon and the output photon comprising a fluorescence photon.
14 . The device of claim 1 , wherein a wavelength of the photons emitted by the CW source is tunable to cover an octave or more of excitation wavelengths while maintaining narrow linewidth at least 10 times smaller than a lifetime of the sample comprising a fluorophore in the excited state excited by the second photon.
15 . A chip or wearable comprising the device of claim 1 .
16 . A fluorescence sensor, a fluorescence lifetime imaging system, or a multiplexed system comprising the device of claim 1 .
17 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the second channel comprises a region for containing the sample comprising at least one of a liquid, a gas, a solid, an atomic species, a molecular species, a quantum system, or a fluorophore comprising the excited state.
18 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the CW source outputs the entangled photons with a power of 1 mW or less or 10 microwatts or less or wherein the device is battery powered.
19 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the second channel comprises one or more frequency filters filtering out photons that do not comprise the output photon but allowing the output photon to reach the second detector.
20 . A method of measuring fluorescence, comprising:
outputting pairs of entangled photons from a continuous wave source;
splitting, at a splitter, each of the pairs into a first photon and a second photon;
transmitting the first photon through a first channel or arm to a first detector;
transmitting the second photon, in a second arm or channel, to a sample comprising an excited state to generate an output photon;
detecting the first photon at the first detector and the output photon at a second detector;
for each of a plurality of detection events associated with a plurality of pairs of the entangled photons and each comprising a first arrival time of the first photon at the first detector and a second arrival time of the output photon (generated by the second photon paired with the first photon) at the second detector:
measuring a time delay between the first arrival time and the second arrival time;
counting a number of detection of events to obtain statistical data comprising a frequency of the time delays; and
determining a fluorescence lifetime of the excited state from the statistical data.