Apparatus for measuring glycation of red blood cells and glycated hemoglobin level using physical and electrical characteristics of cells, and related methods
The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for measuring glycated A1c hemoglobin. A glycated hemoglobin level measuring system includes a sample testing apparatus having a microchannel that compresses a blood sample traveling through, a first pair of electrodes coupled to the microchannel, and a second pair of electrodes coupled to the microchannel. The glycated hemoglobin level measuring system further includes an analysis apparatus having sensors coupled to the first and second pairs of electrodes and configured to calculate a travel time taken by a red blood cell to pass through the first and second pairs of electrodes. The glycated hemoglobin level measuring system can use the travel time to measure a rigidity of the red blood cells and the corresponding glycated hemoglobin level.
1. A glycated hemoglobin level measuring system, comprising:
a sample testing apparatus that includes:
a substrate having thereon a microchannel connected between an inlet and an outlet, wherein the inlet is configured to receive blood sample with red blood cells suspended therein, wherein the microchannel is configured to transfer the blood sample from the inlet to the outlet, and wherein the microchannel has a width that is less than an average diameter of the red blood cells for compressing the red blood cells;
a first pair of electrodes on or embedded in the substrate, coupled to the microchannel, and spaced along the microchannel so as to define a first detection region between the first pair of electrodes; and
a second pair of electrodes on or embedded in the substrate and coupled to the microchannel between the first pair of electrodes and the outlet, wherein the second pair of electrodes are spaced along the microchannel so as to define a second detection region between the second pair of electrodes.
2. The glycated hemoglobin level measuring system of claim 1 , wherein the inlet, the outlet, or both are configured to couple to a pump configured to facilitate a transfer of the blood sample through the microchannel from the inlet to the outlet.
3. The glycated hemoglobin level measuring system of claim 1 , wherein the width of the microchannel is less than 8 micrometers for compressing the red blood cells passing through the microchannel.
4. The glycated hemoglobin level measuring system of claim 1 , wherein a height of the microchannel is less than 3 micrometers for compressing the red blood cells passing through the microchannel.
5. The glycated hemoglobin level measuring system of claim 1 , wherein a length of the first detection region along the microchannel is less than 25 micrometers.
6. The glycated hemoglobin level measuring system of claim 1 , wherein a distance between the first and second pairs of electrodes is between 300 micrometers and 800 micrometers.
7. The glycated hemoglobin level measuring system of claim 1 , wherein the sample testing apparatus further includes an electrolyte in the inlet, the microchannel, or both, the electrolyte configured to mix with the blood sample and provide an initial impedance level across the first pair of electrodes and across the second pair of electrodes.
8. The glycated hemoglobin level measuring system of claim 1 , wherein the width of the microchannel and the first and second pairs of electrodes are configured for detecting travel times of the red blood cells through the microchannel between the first and second pairs of electrodes, wherein the travel times are representative of a glycated hemoglobin level of the red blood cells.
9. The glycated hemoglobin level measuring system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second pairs of electrodes are configured to couple to a logic configured to calculate a time difference representing a travel period of one of the red blood cells between the first and second detection regions.
10. The glycated hemoglobin level measuring system of claim 1 , wherein the sample testing apparatus is reusable.