Methods and systems for monitoring electrochemical cell performance and cleaning metal ions from proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers
The following disclosure relates to electrochemical or electrolysis cells and components thereof. More specifically, the following disclosure relates methods and systems for removing metal ions from a membrane of an electrochemical cell by introduction of a cleaning composition (e.g., an acidic composition) into a water supply to the electrochemical cell. These systems and methods for removal of metal ions from the membrane(s) of the electrochemical cell(s) may advantageously extend the efficiency and service life of the electrochemical cell or stack.
1. A method of monitoring an operational performance of membranes of a plurality of electrochemical cells within an electrochemical stack, the method comprising:
measuring, by a plurality of sensors, first operational voltages of the plurality of electrochemical cells at a first time;
measuring, by the plurality of sensors, second operational voltages of the plurality of electrochemical cells at a second time;
calculating, by a processor, an average change in an overall operational voltage of the plurality of electrochemical cells over a period of time defined by a difference between the first operational voltages and the second operational voltages divided by a difference between the first time and the second time, wherein the calculation of the average change is a weighted average in which at least one sensor of the plurality of sensors is provided a higher weight than another sensor of the plurality of sensors based on a measurement location of the at least one sensor within the electrochemical stack;
comparing, by the processor, the average change in the overall operational voltage to a threshold value;
adding a cleaning composition only to an inlet water stream that is supplied to an anodic inlet of the electrochemical stack for an electrolysis reaction to remove metal ions at the membranes of the plurality of electrochemical cells within the electrochemical stack when the average change in the overall operational voltage equals or exceeds the threshold value, wherein the adding is performed in situ during operation of the electrochemical stack comprising operating conditions for carrying out the electrolysis reaction, and wherein the cleaning composition comprises an acidic composition having a pH that does not leach other metals into the inlet water stream;
reacting the cleaning composition with the metal ions at the membranes of the plurality of electrochemical cells during the operation of the electrochemical stack to form an acidic-metal compound; and
transferring a product of the electrolysis reaction of the cleaning composition and the metal ions from the membranes and the plurality of electrochemical cells, therein removing at least a portion of the metal ions from the membranes of the plurality of electrochemical cells during the operation of the electrochemical stack.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cleaning composition is automatically added following a notification by the processor that the average change in the overall operational voltage equals or exceeds the threshold value.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cleaning composition is added following receipt, by the processor, of instructions input by an operator to clean the membranes of the plurality of electrochemical cells.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acidic composition comprises citric acid.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acidic composition has a pH in a range of 3-5.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, following the adding, the reacting, and the transferring:
conducting an on-going iterative process during the operation of the electrochemical stack, wherein the iterative process comprises:
repeating the measuring of the first operational voltages, the measuring of the second operational voltages, the calculating of the average change in the overall operational voltage, and the comparing of the average change in the overall operational voltage to determine whether the overall operational voltage is equal to or greater than the threshold value; and
conducting the adding, the reacting, and the transferring again when the average change in the overall operational voltage is equal to or greater than the threshold value.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the iterative process is repeated immediately following the adding, the reacting, and the transferring to determine whether or not the cleaning composition has reduced the average change in the overall operational voltage below the threshold value.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the iterative process is repeated at a predefined period of time following the adding, the reacting, and the transferring.
9. An electrochemical system comprising:
an electrochemical stack having a plurality of electrochemical cells;
a plurality of sensors configured to measure first operational voltages of respective electrochemical cells of the plurality of electrochemical cells at a first time and measure second operational voltages of the respective electrochemical cells at a second time; and
a processor configured to:
receive the first operational voltages at the first time and the second operational voltages at the second time from the plurality of sensors;
calculate an average change in an overall operational voltage of the respective electrochemical cells of the plurality of electrochemical cells over a period of time defined by a difference between the first operational voltages and the second operational voltages divided by a difference between the first time and the second time, wherein the calculation of the average change is a weighted average in which at least one sensor of the plurality of sensors is provided a higher weight than another sensor of the plurality of sensors based on a measurement location of the at least one sensor within the electrochemical stack;
compare the average change in the overall operational voltage to a threshold value; and
provide an instruction to add a cleaning composition only to an inlet water stream that is supplied to an anodic inlet of the electrochemical stack for an electrolysis reaction to remove metal ions at membranes of the plurality of electrochemical cells of the electrochemical stack when the average change in the overall operational voltage equals or exceeds the threshold value, wherein addition of the cleaning composition is performed in situ during operation of the electrochemical stack comprising operating conditions for carrying out the electrolysis reaction, wherein the cleaning composition comprises an acidic composition having a pH that does not leach other metals into the inlet water stream, and wherein the cleaning composition is configured to react with the metal ions at the membranes to form an acidic-metal compound.
10. The electrochemical system of claim 9 , wherein the cleaning composition is automatically added following a notification from the processor that the average change in the overall operational voltage equals or exceeds the threshold value.
11. The electrochemical system of claim 9 , wherein the processor is further configured to:
receive an input by an operator to add the cleaning composition to clean the plurality of electrochemical cells of the electrochemical stack.
12. The electrochemical system of claim 9 , wherein the acidic composition comprises citric acid.
13. The electrochemical system of claim 9 , wherein the acidic composition has a pH in a range of 3-5.
14. The electrochemical system of claim 9 , wherein, following an addition of the cleaning composition, the processor is further configured to:
iteratively repeat the measurement of the first operational voltages, the measurement of the second operational voltages, the calculation of the average change in the overall operational voltage, and the comparison of the average change in the overall operational voltage during the operation of the electrochemical stack to determine whether the overall operational voltage is equal to or greater than the threshold value; and
provide an additional instruction to add additional cleaning composition when the average change in the overall operational voltage is equal to or greater than the threshold value.