Artificial cilium and arrays thereof
An artificial cilium device includes a substrate and a voltage-actuated cilia-shaped structure attached at a proximal end to the substrate. The voltage-actuated cilia-shaped structure has a first layer of a first material and a second layer of a second material. The second layer of the second material includes an exposed surface that causes the cilia-shaped structure to, in a working medium, (a) change shape from a first shape to a second shape responsive to application of a first voltage and (b) change shape from the second shape to the first shape responsive to application of a second voltage different than the first voltage.
1. An artificial cilium comprising:
a first actuator including a first passive layer on a first active layer;
a second actuator including a second passive layer on a second active layer;
a proximal panel, a distal panel, and, between the proximal panel and the distal panel, a middle panel having a length less than a distance between the proximal panel and the distal panel when the proximal panel and the distal panel are coplanar; and
a wire that is (i) electrically connected to the second actuator and (ii) on each of the proximal panel and the distal panel;
the first actuator being on each of, and spanning a proximal gap between, the proximal panel and the middle panel;
the second actuator being on each of, spanning a distal gap between, the middle panel and the distal panel.
2. The artificial cilium of claim 1 , (i) the first passive layer and the first active layer having different respective surface stresses; and (ii) the second passive layer and the second active layer having different respective surface stresses.
3. The artificial cilium of claim 1 , each of the first passive layer and the second passive layer including an inorganic material.
4. The artificial cilium of claim 3 , the inorganic material including at least one of titanium, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, a nitride of silicon, and hafnium dioxide, or a combination thereof.
5. The artificial cilium of claim 1 , the first active layer and the second active layer including at least one of a metal, a transition metal, or a combination thereof.
6. The artificial cilium of claim 5 , the metal being one of gold, silver, and platinum, or a combination thereof.
7. The artificial cilium of claim 5 , the transition metal being one of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, or a combination thereof.
8. The artificial cilium of claim 1 ,
the first passive layer including two regions respectively located (i) between the first active layer and the proximal panel, and (ii) between the first active layer and the middle panel;
the second passive layer including three regions located between the first active layer and (i) the proximal panel, (ii) the middle panel, and (iii) the distal panel, respectively.
9. The artificial cilium of claim 1 ,
the first active layer including two regions respectively located (i) between the first passive layer and the proximal panel, and (ii) between the first passive layer and the middle panel;
the second active layer including three regions located between the first passive layer and (i) the proximal panel, (ii) the middle panel, and (iii) the distal panel, respectively.
10. The artificial cilium of claim 1 , the wire and the first active layer being monolithic.
11. The artificial cilium of claim 1 , when the proximal, the middle, and the distal panels are coplanar in a horizontal plane, each of the proximal, the middle, and the distal panel also intersects a vertical plane that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
12. The artificial cilium of claim 1 , the distance being along a length direction of the artificial cilium, and in a width direction perpendicular to the length direction, a width of the wire being at most one-tenth of a width of the second actuator.
13. The artificial cilium of claim 1 , the distance being along a length direction of the artificial cilium, and in a width direction perpendicular to the length direction, a width of the first actuator being at least four-fifths that of the second actuator.
14. The artificial cilium of claim 1 , the distance being along a length direction of the artificial cilium, each of the proximal gap and the distal gap being between 0.1 micrometer and ten micrometers.
15. The artificial cilium of claim 1 , the distance being along a length direction of the artificial cilium, each of the first actuator and the second actuator having a respective thickness, perpendicular to the length direction, between five nanometers and fifteen nanometers.
16. The artificial cilium of claim 1 , the distance being along a length direction of the artificial cilium, each of the first active layer and the second active layer having a respective thickness, perpendicular to the length direction, that is at least one nanometer.
17. The artificial cilium of claim 1 , the distance being along a length direction of the artificial cilium, each of the proximal panel, the middle panel, and the distal panel having a respective thickness, perpendicular to the length direction, between 0.3 micrometers and 0.6 micrometers.
18. The artificial cilium of claim 1 , further comprising:
a substrate;
a first electrode and a second electrode on the substrate, and electrically connected to the first active layer and the second active layer, respectively.
19. A cilia array comprising:
a substrate including a plurality of electrode pairs thereon; and
a linear array of artificial cilia of claim 1 , each electrically connected to a respective electrode pair of the plurality of electrode pairs.
20. The cilia array of claim 19 , wherein for each artificial cilium of the linear array, the first active layer and the second active layer are electrically connected to a first electrode and a second electrode, respectively, of the electrode pair of the plurality of electrode pair electrically connected thereto.
21. The cilia array of claim 19 , the artificial cilia of the linear array being arrayed in an array direction and having a total width W tot along the array direction, the linear array having a length L A along the array direction, a fill factor W tot /L A of the linear array being between ⅓ and ⅔.
22. The cilia array of claim 19 , the plurality of electrode pairs being a one-dimensional array oriented parallel to the linear array of artificial cilia.
23. The cilia array of claim 19 , the linear array being oriented in a horizontal direction, and further comprising:
an additional linear array of artificial cilia of claim 1 , each electrically connected to a respective electrode pair of the plurality of electrode pairs, the additional linear array being oriented in a second direction that differs from the horizontal direction.
24. The cilia array of claim 23 , further comprising a third linear array of artificial cilia of claim 1 , each electrically connected to a respective electrode pair of the plurality of electrode pairs.
25. The cilia array of claim 24 , the second direction being parallel to the horizontal direction, the third linear array being oriented in a vertical direction that is perpendicular to the horizontal direction and the second direction, and further comprising:
a fourth linear array of artificial cilia of claim 1 , each electrically connected to a respective electrode pair of the plurality of electrode pairs, the fourth linear array being oriented in the vertical direction,
the linear array, the additional linear array, the third linear array, and the fourth linear array forming a rectangular cilia-unit on the substrate.
26. The cilia array of claim 25 , further comprising a plurality of additional rectangular cilia-units that, with the rectangular cilia-unit, form an array of rectangular cilia-units on the substrate.