METHOD FOR ESTIMATING BALANCING CURRENT USING CURRENT LIMITING VIA IMPEDANCE CHARACTERIZATION

1 . A method of limiting balancing current in a system that equalizes voltages of battery cells in a battery, said system including switch mode dividers (SMDs) that create balancing currents to equalize voltages of the battery cells, comprising:

identifying an impedance value of each SMD-Cell Loop in a battery;

specifying positive and negative values of a threshold current magnitude;

multiplying the value of the threshold current magnitude by the identified impedance value of the SMD-Cell Loops to calculate a value of differential voltage between output voltage Vo and cell voltage that will result in a balancing current approximately equal to the value of the threshold current magnitude;

adding the value of differential voltage to, and subtracting the value of differential voltage from, the cell voltage to calculate two specific output voltages Vo that will result in balancing currents that will be approximately equal to the positive and negative values of the threshold current magnitude;

calculating values of two pulse width modulated (PWM) duty cycles that will create balancing output voltages Vo that are approximately equal to the two specific output voltages that will result in the balancing currents being approximately equal to the positive and negative values of the threshold current magnitude;

setting the values of these two PWM duty cycles as upper and lower limits of duty cycles that may be applied to equalize voltages of battery cells in the battery.

2 . The method of claim 1 in which the threshold current magnitude is a second threshold current magnitude that is less than a first threshold current magnitude.

3 . The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature of the system is monitored and temperature correction factors are applied to the impedance values of each SMD-Cell Loop.

4 . The method of claim 1 wherein one or more values of cell impedance used to calculate the impedance value of the SMD-Cell Loops are recalibrated.

5 . The method of claim 1 wherein the system that equalizes voltages of battery cells comprises restoration diodes connected in parallel with bias resistors which are connected to a positive rail and a negative rail of at least one SMD.

6 . The method of claim 5 wherein the restoration diodes connected in parallel with the bias resistors are also connected to a gate of a metal on silicon (“MOS”) device.

7 . The method of claim 5 wherein at least one coupling capacitor is positioned between a positive and negative drive signal to the at least one SMD and the restoration diodes.

8 . The method of claim 1 wherein bias lines run from at least one SMD to terminals of at least one first battery cell and at least one second battery cell.

9 . The method of claim 8 wherein resistive elements are connected in series to the bias lines.

10 . The method of claim 9 wherein the bias lines and at least one first balancing leg are connected to the at least one first and the at least one second battery cells using single-point connections.

11 . A method of estimating the amount of current on a balancing leg in a system that equalizes voltages of battery cells in a battery using switch mode dividers (SMDs), comprising:

characterizing an impedance of the SMD-Cell Loops in the battery;

estimating the output voltage Vo on a balancing leg based on a high rail voltage and a low rail voltage and applying a duty cycle to the SMD;

estimating current on the balancing leg by calculating a quotient of Vo divided by a characterized value of the impedance of the SMD-Cell Loops.