High-capacity superabsorbent materials and methods of making same
Described herein are super absorbent materials (SAMs) and methods of making SAMs. The super absorbent materials are copolymerized with select redox active inorganic salts in a staged polymerization process. The copolymer-based super absorbent materials have significantly improved absorbance properties. The compositions and methods described herein are useful in a variety of absorbent products.
1. A superabsorbent polymer comprising:
a polymer backbone comprising:
a neutralized backbone monomer;
a neutralized backbone monomer complexed with a coordination complex comprising a metal ion with an oxidation state of at least 2;
optionally an un-neutralized backbone monomer; and
optionally an un-neutralized backbone monomer complexed with a coordination complex comprising a metal ion with an oxidation state of at least 2; and
optionally a crosslinker;
wherein the superabsorbent polymer comprises a non-homogenous microstructure.
2. The superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 , wherein the superabsorbent polymer is configured to provide at least a 5.2% reduction in storage modulus (G′) between 300 seconds and 500 seconds after exposure to a 0.9% NaCl solution at room temperature.
3. The superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 , wherein the superabsorbent polymer comprises a core-shell polymer microstructure.
4. The superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 , wherein the superabsorbent polymer comprises a first polymer portion comprising a first crosslinking density and a second polymer portion comprising a second crosslinking density, wherein the first crosslinking density and the second crosslinking density are different.
5. The superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 , wherein the superabsorbent polymer comprises a first polymer portion present in an amount in the range of from about 1 to about 30 weight percent of the superabsorbent polymer and a second polymer portion present in an amount in the range of from about 60 to about 99 weight percent of the superabsorbent polymer.
6. The superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 , wherein the superabsorbent polymer is in a form selected from the group consisting of a particle, a gel, a fiber, a bead, a liquid, a solid, a paste, or combinations thereof.
7. The superabsorbent polymer of claim 1 , wherein the superabsorbent polymer is in the form of a particle with a diameter in the range of about 100 μm to about 1000 μm.
8. A method of making a superabsorbent polymer comprising:
an initial polymerization stage comprising
forming a mixture comprising
a solvent;
a monomer;
a salt comprising a redox active metal ion;
optionally a crosslinker; and
an initiator; and
reacting the mixture at a first temperature; and
a final polymerization stage comprising
optionally adding a crosslinker to the mixture;
heating the mixture from the first temperature to a second temperature; and
reacting the mixture at the second temperature;
wherein the superabsorbent polymer comprises a non-homogenous microstructure.
9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising at least one intermediate polymerization stage between the initial polymerization stage and the final polymerization stage.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the at least one intermediate polymerization stage comprises a time-dependent transition or a temperature-dependent transition.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the at least one intermediate polymerization stage comprises adding a crosslinker to the mixture.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the mixture further comprises a stable salt comprising a metal ion with an oxidation state of at least 2.
13. The method of claim 8 , wherein the method comprises a number of polymerization stages in a range of from 2 to 5.
14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first temperature is in a range of from about −20° C. to about 40° C.
15. The method of claim 8 , wherein the second temperature is in a range of from about 40° C. to about 70° C.
16. The method of claim 8 , wherein the method further comprises drying the reaction product.
17. The method of claim 8 , wherein the method further comprises grinding the reaction product.
18. A method of using a superabsorbent polymer comprising
a polymer backbone comprising:
a neutralized backbone monomer;
a neutralized backbone monomer complexed with a coordination complex comprising a metal ion with an oxidation state of at least 2;
optionally an un-neutralized backbone monomer; and
optionally an un-neutralized backbone monomer complexed with a coordination complex comprising a metal ion with an oxidation state of at least 2; and
optionally a crosslinker;
wherein the superabsorbent polymer comprises a non-homogenous microstructure, the method comprising using the superabsorbent polymer in a consumer product.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the superabsorbent polymer is in the form of a particle with a diameter in the range of about 100 μm to about 1000 μm.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the consumer product is selected from the group consisting of personal hygiene products, wipes, napkins, bibs, disposable bed liners, wound dressings, food packaging, baby and adult diaper products, child training pants, feminine pads and napkins, arm bands, agricultural and pet products that contain superabsorbent ingredients, disposable absorbent products, and combinations thereof.