IMMUNOTHERAPY TARGETING TUMOR TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT DERIVED NEOANTIGENIC PEPTIDES IN GLIOBLASTOMA

1 . A method for identifying a tumor cell TE signature comprising the steps of:

i) obtaining the single cell transcriptomic TE pattern of at least one tumor cell and the single cell TE transcriptomic pattern of at least one normal cell, and

ii) performing differential expression analysis of the TE transcriptomic pattern from said at least one tumor cell with respect to said at least one normal cell, and

iii) selecting the TE transcript sequences which are differentially expressed in said at least one tumor cell as compared to said at least one normal cell thereby obtaining a tumor cell TE signature.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein at step i) the single cell transcriptomic TE pattern is obtained by mapping the single-cell transcriptome to individual genomic TE occurrence.

3 . A method for identifying TE-derived tumor neoantigenic peptides, the method comprising the steps of:

a) obtaining a tumor cell TE signature according to claim 1 , and

b) in silico translating the TE transcript sequences from the tumor cell TE signature obtained at step a) to obtain TE-derived tumor peptides.

4 . The method of claim 3 further comprising a step c) of identifying the TE derived peptides that bind at least one MHC molecule;

optionally wherein a library comprising the TE-derived peptide sequences identified at step b) is searched in the MHC ligandome from tumor cells and wherein matched peptides from the said MHC ligandome are selected, thus identifying MHC bound TE-derived peptides;

optionally wherein the TE-derived MHC bound peptides are further filtered against canonical proteins; and/or

optionally wherein the TE-encoded peptides which binds at least one MHC class I or II molecule of a subject with a KD binding affinity of less than 10′5 M are selected.

5 . The method of claim 4 , further comprising a step d) of selecting non-redundant TE-derived peptides;

optionally wherein this step is achieved by mapping the TE-derived peptides of step c) to the individual TE genomic location and selecting uniquely mapped TE.

6 . An isolated tumor neoantigenic peptide sequence having at least 8 amino acids, wherein said neoantigenic peptide comprises a TE encoded sequence and binds at least one MHC class I or II molecule of a subject with a KD binding affinity of less than 10′5 M wherein said neoantigenic peptide further has one or both of the following properties:

the TE expression of said peptide is derepressed in a tumor cell as compared to non-tumor cells;

the peptide is encoded by a TE transcript sequence or a fragment thereof obtained according to claim 1 ;

and/or

the peptide is encoded by a TE transcript or a fragment thereof of any one of SEQ ID NO:381 to 5020;

optionally wherein the peptide comprises at least 8 amino acids, in particular 8-15, notably 8-12 amino acids and binds at least one MHC class I molecule of a subject or comprises from 13 to 25 amino acids and binds at least one MHC class II of a subject.

7 . The neoantigenic peptide according to claim 6 , comprising or consisting of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to 26 and 28 to 380 or a fragment thereof, optionally wherein the peptide is encoded by a single genomic TE.

8 . The method of claim 1 wherein the tumor is glioblastoma tumor.

9 . The neoantigenic peptide according to claim 6 , wherein the TE is characterized by one or more of the following properties:

the TE is selected from TE over 50.106 years; optionally wherein the TE is selected from the LINE-1, SVA and ERVK TE subfamilies; optionally wherein the TE is selected from L1PA/B/x TEs;

the TE is selected from TEs over 50.106 years;

the TE is selected from TEs bearing an intact or nearly intact ORF;

the TE is selected from intronic or intergenic TEs; and/or

the TE is encoded by chromosome 7.

10 . A population of autologous dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells that have been pulsed with one or more of the peptides as defined in claim 6 or transfected with a polynucleotide encoding one or more of the peptides as defined in claim 6 .

11 . A vaccine or immunogenic composition capable of rising a specific T-cell response comprising:

one or more neoantigenic peptides as defined in claim 6 ;

one or more polynucleotides encoding a neoantigenic peptide as defined in claim 6 , optionally linked to a heterologous regulatory control nucleotide sequence; and/or

a population of antigen presenting cells that have been pulsed with one or more of the peptides of claim 6 or transfected with a polynucleotide encoding one or more of the peptides of claim 6 .

12 . An antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, a T cell receptor (TCR), or a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that specifically binds a neoantigenic peptide as defined in claim 6 , optionally in association with an MHC molecule, with a Kd affinity of about 10′6 M or less;

optionally wherein the antibody is a multispecific antibody that further targets at least an immune cell antigen;

optionally wherein the immune cell is a T cell, a NK cell or a dendritic cell;

optionally wherein the targeted antigen is CD3, CD 16, CD30 or a TCR;

optionally wherein the antibody is a multispecific antibody that further targets at least an immune cell antigen;

and/or

optionally wherein the T cell receptor is made soluble and fused to an antibody fragment directed to a T cell antigen, optionally wherein the targeted antigen is CD3 or CD 16.

13 . A polynucleotide encoding the neoantigenic peptide of claim 6 , or an antibody, a CAR or a TCR that specifically binds a neoantigenic peptide of claim 6 or a vector comprising the polynucleotide.

14 . An immune cell that specifically binds to one or more neoantigenic peptides of claim 6 ;

optionally wherein the immune cell is an allogenic or autologous cell selected from T cell, NK cell, CD4+/CD8+, TILs/tumor derived CD8 T cells, central memory CD8+ T cells, Treg, MAIT, and Y8 T cell;

and/or

optionally wherein the T cell comprises a T cell receptor that specifically binds one or more neoantigenic peptides of claim 6 , or a TCR or a CAR that specifically binds a neoantigenic peptide of claim 6 .

15 . A method of treating cancer or inhibiting cancer cell proliferation comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a neoantigenic peptide of claim 6 ,

a population of dendritic cells that have been pulsed with one or more of the neoantigenic peptides of claim 6 or transfected with a polynucleotide encoding one or more of the peptides as defined in claim 6 ,

a vaccine or immunogenic composition comprising a neoantigenic peptide of claim 6 , a polynucleotide encoding a neoantigenic peptide of claim 6 or a vector comprising said polynucleotide,

an antibody, an antigen-binding fragment thereof, a CAR or a TCR that specifically binds a neoantigenic peptide as defined in claim 6 ,

or

an immune cell that specifically binds to one or more neoantigenic peptides of claim 6 optionally wherein the cancer is glioblastoma.

16 . The neoantigenic peptide of claim 6 , wherein the tumor is glioblastoma tumor.