High voltage bypass device, voltage source converter and operating method
The present disclosure relates to a high voltage bypass device, comprising a cavity, a trigger element arranged in the cavity, a reservoir filled with a conductive, flowable material, and a shutter separating the cavity and the reservoir. The trigger element is connected to a first terminal and a second terminal of the high voltage bypass device. The shutter is configured to open a passage between the cavity and the reservoir in case the trigger element is triggered by an overvoltage condition, such that the conductive, flowable material at least partially fills the cavity, thereby forming a conductive path from the first terminal to the second terminal. The present disclosure further relates to a voltage source converter (VSC), in particular a modular multi-cell converter, and an operating method for a high voltage bypass device.
1. A high voltage bypass device, comprising:
a cavity;
a trigger element arranged in the cavity and connected to a first terminal and a second terminal of the high voltage bypass device;
a reservoir filled with a conductive, flowable material; and
a shutter separating the cavity and the reservoir, wherein the shutter is configured to open a passage between the cavity and the reservoir in case the trigger element is triggered by an overvoltage condition, such that the conductive, flowable material at least partly fills the cavity thereby forming a conductive path from the first terminal to the second terminal,
wherein the trigger element comprises at least one of the following:
a first electrode connected to the first terminal, and a second electrode connected to the second terminal, each of the first electrode and the second electrode protruding into the cavity to form a spark gap between the first electrode and the second electrode, underneath the shutter, such that a spark is generated in the spark gap in case of an overvoltage condition; and/or
a varistor connected between the first terminal and the second terminal.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the conductive, flowable material comprises at least one of the following:
a liquid, a powder, and a granular material; and/or
a metal or metal alloy, in particular gallium, Galinstan, mercury, aluminum or copper.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the trigger element is configured to generate heat in case of an overvoltage condition and the shutter comprises a heat sensitive material, in particular a polymer material, which is at least partially destroyed by one of melting, evaporation or combustion.
4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the shutter comprises one of a heat sensitive membrane separating the cavity and the reservoir, or a heat sensitive trigger coupled to a spring loaded divider separating the cavity and the reservoir.
5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the reservoir is arranged above the cavity in a mounted position of the device, such that the conductive, flowable material is released by gravity when the trigger element is triggered.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the trigger element comprises the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the first electrode is arranged at a bottom part of the cavity and protrudes upwards, and wherein the second electrode is arranged at a top part of the cavity, in proximity to the shutter, and protrudes downwards.
7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the cavity is filled with one of vacuum or a protective gas before the trigger element is triggered.
8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the conductive, flowable material is configured to form a permanent electrical path between the first terminal and the second terminal after the trigger element is triggered, in particular by one of: flooding the cavity with a conductive liquid; or by contacting the first electrode and the second electrode extending into or bounding the cavity with a granular conducting medium.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the trigger element comprises the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the first electrode is arranged at a first wall of the cavity and protrudes towards an opposite, second wall of the cavity, and wherein the second electrode is arranged at the second wall of the cavity and protrudes towards the first wall of the cavity, wherein a direct path between the first and second electrode is in proximity to the shutter.
10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the trigger element comprises the varistor, and wherein the varistor is arranged in a central part of the cavity underneath the shutter.
11. The device of claim 1 , wherein the trigger element comprises the varistor, and wherein the varistor is arranged in direct thermal contact with the shutter.
12. A voltage source converter (VSC) in particular a modular multi-cell converter (MMC), comprising:
at least one switching cell configured to switch a high voltage; and
at least one high voltage bypass device according to claim 1 configured to bypass the at least one switching cell in case of a failure.
13. The VSC of claim 12 , wherein the switching cell comprises at least one power semiconductor switching device, in particular an IGBT, and the high voltage bypass device is connected in parallel to the at least one power semiconductor switching device.
14. The VSC of claim 12 , wherein the switching cell further comprises at least one mechanical bypass switch connected in parallel to the at least one power semiconductor switching device and the high voltage bypass device.
15. The VSC of claim 12 , wherein the at least one switching cell has a voltage rating in excess of 1 kV, preferably in excess of 3 kV, and/or a current rating in excess of 100 A, preferably in excess of 1000 A.
16. The VSC of claim 12 , wherein:
the at least one high voltage bypass device is triggered by an overvoltage exceeding a voltage rating of the switching cell by a factor of two or more;
the at least one high voltage bypass device has an activation time of less than 10 ms for bypassing the at least one switching cell in case of an overvoltage condition; and/or
the at least one high voltage bypass device is configured to bypass the at least one switching cell for a period exceeding 24 hours, preferably exceeding 168 hours.
17. An operating method for a high voltage bypass device, comprising:
triggering a trigger element connected to two terminals of the bypass device in case of an overvoltage condition, in particular by creating heat through a spark or ohmic heating;
at least partially destroying, in particular by melting, evaporating or combusting, a shutter of the bypass device in response to triggering the trigger element, thereby releasing a conductive, flowable material; and
at least partially filling a cavity of the bypass device with the conductive, flowable material, thereby creating a permanent electrical path between a first terminal and a second terminal of the bypass device,
wherein the trigger element comprises at least one of the following:
a first electrode connected to the first terminal, and a second electrode connected to the second terminal, each of the first electrode and the second electrode protruding into the cavity to form a spark gap, between the first electrode and the second electrode, underneath the shutter, such that a spark is generated in the spark gap in case of an overvoltage condition; and/or
a varistor connected between the first terminal and the second terminal.