Electroactive composite particles
This invention relates to a particulate material consisting of a plurality of composite particles comprising a porous particle framework and a plurality of nanoscale elemental silicon domains located within the pores of the porous particle framework. The porous particle framework comprises micropores and mesopores, wherein the total volume of micropores and mesopores in the porous particle framework as measured by gas adsorption is from 0.5 to 1.8 cm 3 /g. The composite particles comprise from 30 to 70 wt % silicon, wherein at least 30 wt % of the silicon is surface silicon as determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); no more than 1.2 wt % of hydrogen; and have a weight ratio of oxygen to silicon of no more than 0.15. The BET surface area of the composite particles is no more than 40 m 2 /g.
1 . A particulate material consisting of a plurality of composite particles, wherein the composite particles comprise:
(a) a porous particle framework comprising micropores and mesopores, wherein the total volume of micropores and mesopores in the porous particle framework as measured by gas adsorption is from 0.5 to 1.8 cm 3 /g; and
(b) a plurality of nanoscale elemental silicon domains located within the pores of the porous particle framework,
wherein:
(i) the composite particles comprise from 30 wt % to 70 wt % of silicon;
(ii) at least 30 wt % of the silicon is surface silicon as determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), wherein the TGA is carried out in air with a temperature ramp rate of 10° C./min, wherein the surface silicon percentage is determined according to the following formula:
Y
=
1.875
×
[
(
M
max
-
M
min
)
/
M
f
]
×
100
%
wherein Y is the percentage of surface silicon as a proportion of the total silicon in the sample, M max is the maximum mass of the sample measured in the temperature range between 550° C. to 650° C., M min is the minimum mass of the sample above 150° C. and below 500° C., and M f is the mass of the sample at completion of oxidation at 1400° C.;
(iii) the hydrogen content of the composite particles is no more than 1.2 wt %;
(iv) the weight ratio of oxygen to silicon in the composite particles is no more than 0.15; and
(v) the BET surface area of the composite particles is no more than 40 m 2 /g.
2 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein at least 32 wt % of the silicon, or at least 35 wt % of the silicon, or at least 38 wt % of the silicon, or at least 40 wt % of the silicon, or at least 42 wt % of the silicon, or at least 45 wt % of the silicon, or at least 48 wt % of the silicon, or at least 50 wt % of the silicon is surface silicon as determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
3 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein no more than 6 wt % of the silicon, or no more than 5 wt %, or no more than 4 wt % of the silicon, or no more than 3.5 wt %, or no more than 3 wt %, or no more than 2.5 wt %, or no more than 2 wt % or no more than 1.5 wt % of the silicon is coarse bulk silicon as determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), wherein the TGA is carried out in air with a temperature ramp rate of 10° C./min, wherein the coarse bulk silicon percentage is determined according to the following formula:
Z
=
1.875
×
[
(
M
f
-
M
800
)
/
M
f
]
×
100
%
wherein Z is the percentage of coarse bulk silicon, M 800 is the mass of the sample at 800° C., and M f is the mass of ash at completion of oxidation at 1400° C.
4 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the total volume of micropores and mesopores in the porous particle framework as measured by gas adsorption is from at least 0.55 cm 3 /g, or at least 0.6 cm 3 /g, or at least 0.65 cm 3 /g, or at least 0.7 cm 3 /g, or at least 0.75 cm 3 /g.
5 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the total volume of micropores and mesopores in the porous particle framework as measured by gas adsorption is no more than 1.6 cm 3 /g, or no more than 1.4 cm 3 /g, or no more than 1.3 cm 3 /g, or no more than 1.2 cm 3 /g, or no more than 1.1 cm 3 /g.
6 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the PD 90 pore diameter of the porous particle framework is no more than 12 nm, or no more than 10 nm, or no more than 8 nm, or no more than 6 nm, or no more than 4 nm, wherein the PD90 pore diameter is the volume-based 90th percentile pore diameter of the porous particle framework, based on the total volume of micropores and mesopores.
7 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the PD 50 pore diameter of the porous particle framework is no more than 2 nm, or no more than 1.9 nm, or no more than 1.8 nm, or no more than 1.7 nm, or no more than 1.6 nm, wherein the PD 50 pore diameter is the volume-based 50th percentile pore diameter of the porous particle framework, based on the total volume of micropores and mesopores.
8 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the PD 50 pore diameter of the porous particle framework is at least 1 nm, or at least 1.1 nm, or at least 1.2 nm, wherein the PD 50 pore diameter is the volume-based 50th percentile pore diameter of the porous particle framework, based on the total volume of micropores and mesopores.
9 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the micropore volume fraction of the porous particle framework is at least 0.45, or at least 0.5, or at least 0.55, or at least 0.6, or at least 0.65, or at least 0.7, or at least 0.75, based on the total volume of micropores and mesopores.
10 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the micropore volume fraction of the porous particle framework is no more than 0.95, or no more than 0.9, or no more than 0.85, or no more than 0.8, based on the total volume of micropores and mesopores.
11 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the total volume of micropores in the porous particle framework is at least 0.36 cm 3 /g, or at least 0.38 cm 3 /g, at least 0.40 cm 3 /g, at least 0.42 cm 3 /g.
12 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the porous particle framework has a bimodal or multimodal pore size distribution.
13 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the total volume of pores having a diameter in the range of from greater than 50 nm to 100 nm is no more than 0.2×P 1 , or no more than 0.1×P 1 , or no more than 0.05×P 1 , or no more than 0.02×P 1 , or no more than 0.01×P 1 , or no more than 0.005×P 1 , wherein P 1 represents the total volume of micropores and mesopores in the porous particle framework.
14 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the porous particle framework has a BET surface area from 1200 to 3000 m 2 /g.
15 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the porous particle framework is a conductive porous particle framework.
16 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the composite particles comprise at least 32 wt % of silicon, or at least 35 wt % of silicon, or at least 38 wt % of silicon, or at least 40 wt % of silicon, or at least 42 wt % of silicon, or at least 44 wt % of silicon, or at least 46 wt % of silicon, or at least 48 wt % of silicon, or at least 50 wt % of silicon.
17 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , comprising up to 68 wt % of silicon, or up to 65 wt % of silicon, or up to 60 wt % of silicon, or up to 58 wt % of silicon, or up to 55 wt % of silicon.
18 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the composite particles comprise at least 0.1 wt % of hydrogen, or at least 0.15 wt % of hydrogen, or at least 0.2 wt % of hydrogen.
19 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the composite particles comprise no more than 1.1 wt % of hydrogen, or no more than 1 wt % of hydrogen, or no more than 0.95 wt % of hydrogen, or no more than 0.9 wt % of hydrogen, or no more than 0.85 wt % of hydrogen, or no more than 0.8 wt % of hydrogen, or no more than 0.75 wt % of hydrogen.
20 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the composite particles comprise no more than 6 wt % of oxygen, or no more than 5.5 wt % of oxygen, or no more than 5 wt % of oxygen, or no more than 4.5 wt % of oxygen.
21 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the weight ratio of oxygen to silicon in the composite particles is no more than 0.14, or no more than 0.12, or no more than 0.1, or no more than 0.09, or no more than 0.08.
22 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the composite particles have a D 50 particle diameter of at least 1 μm, or at least 2 μm, or at least 3 μm, or at least 4 μm, or at least 5 μm.
23 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the composite particles have a D 50 particle diameter of no more than 20 μm, or no more than 18 μm, or no more than 16 μm, or no more than 14 μm, or no more than 12 μm, or no more than 10 μm, or no more than 8 μm.
24 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the composite particles have a D 10 particle diameter of at least 0.5 μm, or at least 0.8 μm, or at least 1 μm, or at least 1.5 μm, or at least 2 μm.
25 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the composite particles have a D 1 particle size of at least 0.5 μm, or at least 0.8 μm, or at least 1.0 μm, or at least 1.2 μm, or at least 1.4 μm, or at least 1.5 μm.
26 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the composite particles have a D 90 particle diameter of no more than 30 μm, or no more than 25 μm, or no more than 20 μm, or no more than 15 μm.
27 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the composite particles have a BET surface area of no more than 35 m 2 /g, or no more than 30 m 2 /g, or no more than 25 m 2 /g, or no more than 20 m 2 /g, or no more than 15 m 2 /g, or no more than 10 m 2 /g.
28 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the composite particles have a BET surface area of at least 0.1 m 2 /g, or at least 1 m 2 /g, or at least 2 m 2 /g, or at least 5 m 2 /g.
29 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the composite particles are obtained by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) of a silicon-containing precursor into the pore structure of a porous carbon framework.
30 . A composition comprising the particulate material of claim 1 and at least one other component.
31 . An electrode comprising the particulate material of claim 1 .
32 . A rechargeable metal-ion battery comprising the electrode of claim 31 .
33 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the porous particle framework is a conductive porous carbon particle framework comprising at least 80 wt % of carbon.
34 . The particulate material according to claim 1 , wherein the porous particle framework is a conductive porous carbon particle framework comprising at least 90 wt % of carbon.