ITERATIVE RAY-TRACING FOR AUTOSCALING OF OBLIQUE IONOGRAMS

1 . A method of iterative ray tracing, comprising the steps of:

transmitting, from a transmitter at a first location, a signal into a portion of the ionosphere;

receiving, at a receiver positioned at a second location, a reflection of the signal;

at a computing system connected to the receiver:

receiving a first input comprising data indicative of an oblique incidence (OI) ionogram based on the reflection of the signal;

generating a first output comprising first output data, comprising processing the data indicative of the oblique incidence (OI) ionogram to reduce at least one of noise and spurious signals in the data;

autoscaling the first output data to produce a second output comprising data indicative of a substantially separated O-trace and an X-trace;

predicting an electron density profile over a measurement region associated with the portion of the ionosphere, comprising:

receiving an initial electron density profile;

determining a constructed OI ionogram based on the initial electron density profile;

comparing the constructed OI ionogram to the second output;

adjusting one or more parameters of the initial electron density profile based on the comparison; and

outputting the predicted electron density profile.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the transmitter comprises an oblique incidence sounder.

3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the oblique incidence sounder is a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) Sounder configured to transmit a swept signal across a frequency band.

4 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the oblique incidence sounder is a Pulse Modulated Sounder configured to transmit a series of pulses at a respective plurality of frequencies.

5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein reducing the at least one of noise and spurious signals in the data comprises removing a vertical interference and a horizontal interference.

6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the initial electron density profile is obtained by determining a vertical incidence (VI) ionogram based on the second output and determining an initial electron density profile based on the VI ionogram.

7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein predicting the electron density profile comprises performing iterative ray tracing.

8 . A system for performing iterative ray tracing, the system comprising:

a transmitter positioned at a first location, the transmitter configured to transmit a signal into a portion of the ionosphere;

a receiver positioned at a second location, the receiver configured to receive a reflection of the signal;

a computing system connected to the receiver, the computing system comprising one or more processors, a memory, and one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for:

receiving a first input comprising data indicative of an oblique incidence (OI) ionogram based on the reflection of the signal;

generating a first output comprising first output data, comprising processing the data indicative of the oblique incidence (OI) ionogram to reduce at least one of noise and spurious signals in the data;

autoscaling the first output data to produce a second output comprising data indicative of a substantially separated O-trace and an X-trace;

predicting an electron density profile over a measurement region associated with the portion of the ionosphere, comprising:

receiving an initial electron density profile;

determining a constructed OI ionogram based on the initial electron density profile;

comparing the constructed OI ionogram to the second output;

adjusting one or more parameters of the initial electron density profile based on the comparison; and

outputting the predicted electron density profile.

9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the transmitter comprises an oblique incidence sounder.

10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the oblique incidence sounder is a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) Sounder configured to transmit a swept signal across a frequency band.

11 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the oblique incidence sounder is a Pulse Modulated Sounder configured to transmit a series of pulses at a respective plurality of frequencies.

12 . The method of claim 8 , wherein reducing the at least one of noise and spurious signals in the data comprises removing a vertical interference and a horizontal interference.

13 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the initial electron density profile is obtained by determining a vertical incidence (VI) ionogram based on the second output and determining an initial electron density profile based on the VI ionogram.

14 . The method of claim 8 , wherein predicting the electron density profile comprises performing iterative ray tracing.

15 . A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs for iterative ray tracing, the one or more programs comprising instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, cause the electronic device to:

transmit, from a transmitter at a first location, a signal into a portion of the ionosphere;

receive, at a receiver positioned at a second location, a reflection of the signal; and

at a computing system connected to the receiver:

receive a first input comprising data indicative of an oblique incidence (OI) ionogram based on the reflection of the signal;

generate a first output comprising first output data, comprising processing the data indicative of the oblique incidence (OI) ionogram to reduce at least one of noise and spurious signals in the data;

autoscale the first output data to produce a second output comprising data indicative of a substantially separated O-trace and an X-trace;

predict an electron density profile over a measurement region associated with the portion of the ionosphere, comprising:

receiving an initial electron density profile;

determining a constructed OI ionogram based on the initial electron density profile;

comparing the constructed OI ionogram to the second output;

adjusting one or more parameters of the initial electron density profile based on the comparison; and

output the predicted electron density profile.