Manufacturing of tribological hardfacings on PM and AM articles
A method for formation of hardfacings on an article comprises producing, by powder metallurgy or additive manufacturing, an article having a discontinuous surface. The article is exposed to impact items and to tungsten carbide particles, provided as tungsten carbide particles comprised in the impact items and/or tungsten particles provided directly in a process fluid as a dispersion. At least 80% of the tungsten carbide particles have particle sizes within the range of 0.1-5 μm. The impact items are bodies with an average diameter within the range of 0.1 to 10 mm. A velocity difference is created between the surfaces and the impact items, causing impacts between the impact items and the surfaces, giving polishing, induction of compressive stress, and/or densification of the surface. Tungsten carbide particles are embedded, hammering the tungsten carbide particles into the article by use of the energy of the impacts.
1 . A method for formation of hardfacings on an article, comprising the steps of:
producing, by powder metallurgy or additive manufacturing, an article having a discontinuous surface;
exposing said article to impact items and to tungsten carbide particles;
said tungsten carbide particles being provided as at least one of tungsten carbide particles comprised in said impact items and tungsten particles provided directly in a process fluid as a dispersion;
wherein at least 80% of said tungsten carbide particles have particle sizes within the range of 0.1-5 μm;
wherein said impact items being solid bodies with an average diameter within the range of 0.1 to 10 mm;
creating a velocity difference between said discontinuous surfaces of said article and said impact items, which causes impacts between said impact items and said discontinuous surfaces of said article, giving at least one of:
polishing of said discontinuous surface,
inducing compressive stress into said discontinuous surface, and
densifying said discontinuous surface; and
embedding tungsten carbide particles into said discontinuous surfaces of said article, hammering said tungsten carbide particles into said article by use of the energy of said impacts.
2 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein said step of exposing said article comprises exposing said article to said process fluid in which said impact items are provided and in which said tungsten carbide particles are provided, and by the further step of:
impregnating said process fluid into pores of said discontinuous surfaces.
3 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein said process fluid with said impact items has a viscosity of 1 to 10 cP at room temperature.
4 . The method according to claim 3 , wherein said process fluid comprises neat oils or water-borne synthetic fluids.
5 . The method according to claim 3 , wherein at least 80% of said tungsten carbide particles have particle sizes within the range of 0.2-2 μm.
6 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein said process fluid comprises neat oils or water-borne synthetic fluids.
7 . The method according to claim 6 , wherein at least 80% of said tungsten carbide particles have particle sizes within the range of 0.2-2 μm.
8 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein said tungsten carbide particles are suspended in said process fluid and said impact items comprise at least one of:
WC-Co,
WC-Ni,
steel, and
ceramic items.
9 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein at least 80% of said tungsten carbide particles have particle sizes within the range of 0.2-2 μm.
10 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein at least 80% of said tungsten carbide particles have particle sizes within the range of 0.2-2 μm.
11 . The method according to claim 10 , wherein at least 80% of said tungsten carbide particles have particle sizes within the range of 0.2-2 μm.
12 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein said impact items comprise said tungsten carbide particles.
13 . The method according to claim 12 , wherein said impact items are made of Co-cemented tungsten carbide.
14 . The method according to claim 13 , wherein said impact items comprise 2-20% by weight of Co, preferably 5-15% by weight of Co, and most preferably 5-10% by weight of Co, and have a hardness of 750 to 2200 Hv, preferably 1600 to 2200 Hv, a modulus of 450 to 650 GPa, preferably 550 to 650 GPa, and a compressive strength of 3 to 9 GPa, preferably 6 to 9 GPa.
15 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein said impact items have an average diameter within the range of 0.5-5 mm, and preferably within the range of 1-3 mm.
16 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein said step of creating a velocity difference is achieved using one of the following platforms:
centrifugal barrel finishing,
vibratory finishing,
stream finishing,
spindle finishing
drag finishing, and
shot peening.
17 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein said velocity difference is within the range of 0.5-5 m/s.
18 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of producing an article having a discontinuous surface is performed by powder metallurgy.
19 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of producing an article having a discontinuous surface is performed by additive manufacturing.
20 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of creating a velocity difference between said discontinuous surfaces of said article and said impact items gives at least one of:
polishing of said discontinuous surface, and
densifying said discontinuous surface.