MITIGATING CAPACITY LOSS IN BATTERIES WITH VANADIUM BASED POSITIVE ELECTRODES
A positive electrode material is presented for a rechargeable electrochemical cell that comprises a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte. The positive electrode material comprises a compound with the general formula ζ-A x M y V 2 O 5 and/or ζ-A x M y N z V 2-z O 5 , where M and N are transition metals, alkaline earths, alkalis, post-transition metals, metalloids, or a combination thereof and A is one or more ions selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Al ions. This series of vanadium oxide compounds provides additional electrochemically active ions above the quantity required for cycling that are used to mitigate first cycle capacity losses, also known as formation losses, in secondary batteries.
1 - 53 . (canceled)
54 . A rechargeable energy source system, comprising:
a negative electrode;
an electrolyte; and
a positive electrode, wherein the positive electrode comprises a compound having a structure of ζ-A x M y N z V 2-z O 5 .
55 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 54 , wherein A comprises one or more ions selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Al ions.
56 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 54 , wherein x ranges from about 0 to about 3.
57 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 54 , wherein M comprises a transition metal, an alkaline earth metal, an alkali metal, a post-transition metal, a metalloid, or a combination thereof.
58 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 54 , wherein y ranges from about 0.00001 to about 0.66.
59 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 58 , wherein y ranges from about 0.0001 to about 0.2.
60 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 54 , wherein M comprises one or more ions selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Pb, Al, Sn, Cs, Rb, and Fe ions.
61 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 54 , wherein N comprises a transition metal, a post-transition metal, a metalloid, or a combination thereof.
62 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 54 , wherein z ranges from about 0 to about 2.
63 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 62 , wherein z ranges from about 0 to about 1.33.
64 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 54 , wherein N comprises one or more ions selected from the group consisting of W, Nb, Mo, Zr, Y, Hf, Cr, Sn, Fe, Ti, Mn, Ta, Ce, La, Ni, Si, Ga, Ge, and Co ions.
65 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 54 , wherein the negative electrode comprises lithium metal.
66 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 65 , wherein the negative electrode forms a passivation layer by transferring the lithium ions to the negative electrode at a voltage from about 0 V to about 4.5 V.
67 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 66 , wherein the passivation layer comprises at least 10% of total lithium in the rechargeable energy source system.
68 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 66 , wherein the passivation layer comprises at most 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, or 33% of total lithium in the rechargeable energy source system.
69 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 54 , wherein the rechargeable energy source system is configured to discharge from about 2 V to about 4.5 V.
70 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 54 , wherein the rechargeable energy source system is configured to discharge from about 2.2 V to about 4.2 V.
71 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 54 , wherein the rechargeable energy source system comprises a cycling efficiency of at least 98%.
72 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 71 , wherein the rechargeable energy source system comprises a cycling efficiency of at least 98.5%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, or 99.9%.
73 . The rechargeable energy source system of claim 72 , wherein the rechargeable energy source system comprises a cycling efficiency greater than 99.98% over 1000 cycles.