System and method for radiographic imaging of tissue
System and method for radiographic imaging of tissue using a non-radioactive, radio-opaque imaging agent that accumulates intracellularly in tissue in proportion to its functional, or physiological, activity. In one embodiment, the imaging agent is a cell-membrane permeable, radio-opaque, high affinity ligand for the intracellular enzyme hexokinase. The imaging agent is administered to a patient, and after an accumulation interval, radiographic images are acquired. The imaging agent preferentially accumulates in malignant tissue and increases its radio-opacity because of its elevated glucose metabolic rate relative to benign and normal tissue. The tissue being examined is transilluminated by X-ray beams with preselected different mean energy spectra, and a separate radiographic image is acquired during transillumination by each beam. An image processing system performs a weighted combination of the acquired images to produce a single displayed image. The image processing procedure isolates the radiographic density contributed solely by differential accumulation of the imaging agent in malignant, benign, and normal tissue. The system and method thus provides a functional image displayed with the anatomical detail and spatial resolution of a radiographic image. The viewer may interactively control the relative proportion of radiographic density contributed by imaging agent, soft tissue, and bone to the displayed image, allowing the display of functional and anatomical information in complete registration, and facilitating localization of malignant tissue in relation to nearby anatomical structures. In other embodiments, the system and method may be used to detect enzymes, nucleic acids, coenzymes, fatty acids, and other cellular targets in diagnostic imaging applications.
1. A compound having the general formula X-L-S wherein:
the S moiety is a pyranose;
the X moiety is, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkenyl, alkylaryl, alkylamino, alkylamido, amido, or arylamido, in which at least one atom is substituted by a radio-opacifying atom of an element with an atomic number of approximately Z=35 to approximately Z=74, and
the L moiety is unsubstituted or substituted, and is a C 1 -C 8 alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkenyl, alkylaryl, alkylamino, alkylamido, amido, or arylamido, and is bonded to the S moiety and to the X moiety.
2. The compound of claim 1 wherein the S moiety is hydroxy-substituted.
3. The compound of claim 1 wherein the S moiety is 2-hydroxy-substituted.
4. The compound of claim 1 wherein:
the S moiety is a substituted pyranose of the formula C 6 H 11 O 5 ,
the X moiety is a substituted aryl of the formula C 6 H 2 I 3 , and
the L moiety is a substituted amidoaryl of the formula C 6 H 3 NH 2 NHCO.
5. The compound of claim 1 wherein:
the S moiety is a substituted pyranose of the formula C 6 H 11 O 5 ,
the X moiety is a substituted aryl of the formula C 6 HI 3 CH 2 CH 3 , and
the L moiety is a substituted amidoaryl of the formula C 6 H 3 NH 2 NHCO.
6. The compound of claim 1 wherein:
the S moiety is a substituted pyranose of the formula C 6 H 11 O 5 ,
the X moiety is a substituted aryl of the formula C 6 I 3 (CONHCH 3 ) 2 , and
the L moiety is a substituted amidoaryl of the formula C 6 H 3 NH 2 NHCO.
7. A method of imaging tissue comprising:
a) administering a compound according to the formula of claim 1 ;
b) irradiating said tissue with a radiation source which is attenuated by the X moiety; and
c) acquiring an image of said tissue.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein said acquiring occurs during said irradiating and wherein said tissue is live during said administering.
9. The method of claim 7 further comprising determining whether said tissue comprises malignant tissue using said image.
10. The method of claim 7 further comprising determining whether said tissue comprises abnormal myocardial tissue using said image.