Combustion ignition
Distributed initiation (e.g., multipoint or continuous) is utilized to obtain constant volume-like combustion performance in a pulse combustion device in the absence of detonation. A number of such devices may be utilized as turbine engine combustors.
1. A pulse combustion device comprising:
a vessel having a gas inlet and a gas outlet;
a valve for opening and closing the inlet to admit a charge of gas; and
means for producing a distributed ignition of said gas along a flow path within the vessel to initiate combustion of said gas, the combustion occurring substantially via deflagration.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein the vessel has a length along a flow path between the inlet and outlet, said length being at least 1.5 times a square root of a median cross-sectional area.
3. The device of claim 1 wherein the vessel consists in major part of a tube of substantially uniform circular section having a length at least 1.5 times a characteristic internal diameter.
4. The device of claim 1 operating under an operating pressure ratio of between 2:1 and 30:1.
5. A turbofan engine comprising:
a fan;
a compressor;
a pulse combustion combustor receiving air from the compressor and outputting combustion gasses and having:
a plurality of elongate combustion chambers each having a gas inlet and a gas outlet;
and
means for producing a distributed ignition of said gas along a flow path within the combustion chambers, the ignition occurring in the absence of detonation; and
a turbine receiving the combustion gasses and driving the compressor and fan.
6. The engine of claim 5 operating under conditions of an operating pressure ratio of between 2:1 and 20:1.
7. The engine of claim 5 operating under conditions of an operating pressure ratio of between 10:1 and 20:1.
8. The engine of claim 5 comprising at least 8 such combustion chambers.
9. The engine of claim 5 wherein said combustion chambers each comprise a tube and said tubes are carried for operational rotation as a unit about a central longitudinal axis of the engine.
10. The turbofan engine of claim 5 wherein the pulse combustion combustor comprises means for opening and closing said gas inlets of said combustion chambers while said gas outlets remain open.
11. A pulsed combustion device comprising:
a vessel having an upstream gas inlet and a downstream gas outlet;
valve for opening and closing the inlet to admit a charge of gas; and
an ignition system selected from the group consisting of:
a plurality of igniters distributed at a plurality of locations from upstream to downstream along an upstream to downstream length of the vessel; and
an energy source directing at least one beam in a generally upstream or downstream direction relative to a flow of said gas from the gas inlet to the gas outlet.
12. The device of claim 11 wherein the igniters are electric spark igniters.
13. The device of claim 11 comprising the energy source and wherein the energy source is selected from the group consisting of lasers, microwave sources, electron beam sources, and plasma beam sources.
14. The device of claim 11 operating under conditions of an operating pressure ratio between 2:1 and 20:1.
15. A pulsed combustion device comprising:
a vessel having an upstream gas inlet and a downstream gas outlet;
a valve for opening and closing the inlet to admit a charge of gas; and
an ignition system comprising:
a plurality of igniters distributed at a plurality of locations from upstream to downstream along the vessel, including at least a first such igniter in an upstream ⅓ of a length of the vessel and a second such igniter in a downstream ⅓ of the length of the vessel.
16. A pulsed combustion device comprising:
a vessel having an upstream gas inlet and a downstream gas outlet;
a valve for opening and closing the inlet to admit a charge of gas; and
an ignition system comprising:
a plurality of igniters distributed at a plurality of locations from upstream to downstream along the vessel, including at least three such igniters positioned at intervals no larger than ½ of a length of the vessel.
17. The device of claim 16 wherein there are at least four such igniters positioned at intervals no larger than ⅓ of a length of the vessel.
18. An engine comprising:
a compressor;
a pulse combustion combustor receiving air from the compressor and outputting combustion gasses and having:
a vessel having an upstream gas inlet and a downstream gas outlet;
a valve for opening and closing the inlet to admit a charge of gas;
an ignition system comprising one, but not both, of:
a plurality of igniters distributed at a plurality of locations from upstream to downstream along an upstream to downstream length of the vessel; and
an energy source directing at least one beam; and
a turbine receiving the combustion gasses and driving the compressor.
19. An engine comprising:
a compressor;
a pulse combustion combustor receiving air from the compressor and outputting combustion gasses and having:
a plurality of elongate combustion chambers each having a gas inlet and a gas outlet; and
means for producing a distributed ignition of said gas along a flow path within the combustion chambers, the ignition occurring in the absence of detonation; and
a turbine receiving the combustion gasses and driving the compressor.
20. A pulse combustion device comprising:
a vessel having a gas inlet and a gas outlet;
a valve for opening and closing the inlet to admit a charge of gas; and
means for producing a distributed ignition of said gas along a flow path within the vessel, the ignition occurring substantially via deflagration wherein combustion occurs in the absence of detonation.