Multi-layer diffraction type polarizer and liquid crystal element
A liquid crystal element including a liquid crystal cell that has transparent substrates having electrodes and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the substrates, the liquid crystal cell having a retardation value for a linearly polarized light having a wavelength of λ incident and transmitting through the liquid crystal cell, the retardation value changing from R 1 to R 2 (R 1 >R 2 >0) when a first voltage V 1 applied between the electrodes is changed to a second voltage V 2 (V 1 ≠V 2 ). The liquid crystal element also includes a phase plate having a retardation value R for a linearly polarized light having the wavelength of λ, the retardation value R satisfying a relation R+R v =m×λ (m: integer) with a retardation value R v generated by a third voltage satisfying R 1 ≧R v ≧R 2 .
1. A liquid crystal element comprising:
a liquid crystal cell comprising transparent substrates having electrodes and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the substrates, the liquid crystal cell having a retardation value for a linearly polarized light having a wavelength of λ incident and transmitting through the liquid crystal cell, the retardation value changing from R 1 to R 2 (R 1 >R 2 >0) when a first voltage V 1 applied between the electrodes is changed to a second voltage V 2 (V 1 ≠V 2 ); and
a phase plate having a retardation value R for a linearly polarized light having the wavelength of λ, the retardation value R satisfying a relation R+R v =m×λ (m: integer) with a retardation value R v generated by a third voltage satisfying R 1 ≧R v ≧R 2 .
2. The liquid crystal element according to claim 1 , wherein a liquid crystal in the liquid crystal element is a nematic liquid crystal, and an alignment of liquid crystal molecules is a parallel alignment in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in parallel in one direction between the transparent substrates when a voltage is not applied, the phase plate satisfies a relation R+R v =0, and a fast axis direction of the phase plate is within an angle of 45° with respect to a slow axis direction of the liquid crystal layer.
3. The liquid crystal element according to claim 1 , which further comprises:
a polarizing diffraction grating comprising a birefringent material at at least one of a light input side and a light output side of the liquid crystal element,
wherein the diffraction grating straightly transmits incident light having a first polarization direction without functioning as a polarizer, and diffracts incident light having a second polarization direction perpendicular to the first polarization direction by functioning as a polarizer.
4. The liquid crystal element according to claim 2 , which further comprises:
a polarizing diffraction grating comprising a birefringent material at at least one of a light input side and a light output side of the liquid crystal element,
wherein the diffraction grating straightly transmits incident light having a first polarization direction without functioning as a polarizer, and diffracts incident light having a second polarization direction perpendicular to the first polarization direction by functioning as a polarizer.