Deployment of electro-optic amplitude varying elements (AVEs) and electro-optic multi-functional elements (MFEs) in photonic integrated circuits (PICs)
Electro-optic amplitude varying elements (AVEs) or electro-optic multi-function elements (MFEs) are integrated into signal channels of photonic integrated circuits (PICs) or at the output of such PICs to provide for various optical controlling and monitoring functions. In one case, such PIC signal channels may minimally include a laser source and a modulator (TxPIC) and in another case, may minimally include a photodetector to which channels, in either case, an AVE or an MFE may be added.
1. A monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC) comprising:
an integrated array of electro-optic elements formed as a plurality of signal channels in the circuit, each signal channel including at least a laser source, an electro-optic modulator and an electro-optic amplitude varying element (AVE); and
a bias current applied to said electro-optic amplitude varying element (AVE) in each signal channel which is varied so that a power output level across the channel array is substantially uniform.
2. The monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC) of claim 1 wherein said electro-optic amplitude varying element (AVE) in each signal channel comprises a variable optical attenuator (VOA), a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), an in-series variable optical attenuator (VOA) and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), or a combination variable optical attenuator/semiconductor optical amplifier (ZOA).
3. The monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC) of claim 1 wherein said electro-optic amplitude varying element (AVE) is at an output of the electro-optic modulator in each of said signal channels.
4. The monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC) of claim 1 , further comprising a first electro-optic amplitude varying element (AVE) between the laser source and the electro-optic modulator in each of said signal channels and a second electro-optic amplitude varying element (AVEs) at an output of the electro-optic modulator in each of said signal channels.
5. The monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC) of claim 4 wherein said first and second electro-optic amplitude varying elements (AVEs) in each signal channel are variable optical attenuators (VOAs).
6. The monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC) of claim 4 wherein said first and second electro-optic amplitude varying elements (AVEs) in each signal channel are, in one case, a variable optical attenuator (VGA) and in the other case, a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA).
7. The monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC) of claim 1 wherein said laser sources comprise DFB laser or DBR lasers.
8. The monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC) of claim 1 wherein said electro-optic modulators are electro-absorption modulators or Mach-Zehnder modulators.
9. The monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC) of claim 1 further comprising in the circuit an optical combiner coupled to receive the modulated optical signals from said signal channels and combine them into one WDM signal at an output of the circuit.
10. The monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC) of claim 9 wherein said optical combiner is selected from the group consisting of arrayed waveguide grating (AWG), an Echelle grating, a cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometer, quasi-selective wavelength star coupler, a power coupler, a star coupler and a multi-mode interference (MMI) coupler.
11. The monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC) of claim 9 wherein said electro-optic amplitude varying element (AVE) comprises a variable optical attenuator (VOA), a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), an in-series variable optical attenuator (VOA) and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), or a combination variable optical attenuator (VOA) and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) or ZOA.
12. The monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC) of claim 11 wherein said electro-optic amplitude varying element (AVE) is at an output of the electro-optic modulator in each of said signal channels.
13. The monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC) of claim 11 wherein said electro-optic amplitude varying element (AVE) is between the laser source and the electro-optic modulator in each of said signal channels.