Copper-catalyzed formation of carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bonds
One aspect of the present invention relates to copper-catalyzed carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bond-forming methods. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to copper-catalyzed methods of forming a carbon-sulfur bond between the sulfur atom of a thiol moiety and the activated carbon of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl halide or sulfonate. In other embodiments, the present invention relates to copper(II)-catalyzed methods of forming a carbon-nitrogen bond between the nitrogen atom of an amide and the activated carbon of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl halide or sulfonate. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to copper-catalyzed methods of forming a carbon-carbon bond between the carbon atom of cyanide ion and the activated carbon of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl halide or sulfonate. In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a copper-catalyzed method of transforming an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl chloride or bromide into the corresponding aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl iodide. Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to a tandem method, which may be practiced in a single reaction vessel, wherein the first step of the method involves the copper-catalyzed formation of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl iodide from the corresponding aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl chloride or bromide; and the second step of the method involves the copper-catalyzed formation of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl nitrile, amide or sulfide from the aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl iodide formed in the first step.
1. A method represented by Scheme 2:
wherein
M represents an alkali metal cation, alkaline earth cation, transition metal cation, lanthanide cation, actinide cation, ammonium ion, or phosphonium ion;
X represents, Br or Cl;
Y represents I,
Z represents optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl or alkenyl; and
catalyst comprises a copper atom or ion, and a ligand selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted 1,2-diaminoalkane, 1,3-diaminoalkane, and 1,10-phenanthroline.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein M represents a sodium cation, potassium cation or copper cation.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents Br.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ligand comprised by the catalyst is an optionally substituted 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, 1,2-diaminoethane, 1,3-diaminopropane, or 1,10-phenanthroline.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ligand comprised by the catalyst is cis-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, a mixture of cis- and trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, cis-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, a mixture of cis- and trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, cis-N-tolyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, trans-N-tolyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, or a mixture of cis- and trans-N-tolyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ligand comprised by the catalyst is trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane or N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein M represents a sodium cation, potassium cation or copper cation; and X represents Br.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein M represents a sodium cation, potassium cation or copper cation; X represents Br; and the ligand comprised by the catalyst is an optionally substituted 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, 1,2-diaminoalkane, 1,3-diaminoalkane, or 1,10-phenanthroline.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein M represents a sodium cation, potassium cation or copper cation; X represents Br; and the ligand comprised by the catalyst is an optionally substituted 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, 1,2-diaminoethane, 1,3-diaminopropane, or 1,10-phenanthroline.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein M represents a sodium cation, potassium cation or copper cation; X represents Br; and the ligand comprised by the catalyst is cis-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, a mixture of cis- and trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, cis-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, a mixture of cis- and trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, cis-N-tolyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, trans-N-tolyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, or a mixture of cis- and trans-N-tolyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein M represents a sodium cation, potassium cation or copper cation; X represents Br; and the ligand comprised by the catalyst is trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane or N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine.
12. The method of any one of claims 1 - 3 , 4 - 7 , and 8 - 11 , wherein the catalyst is present in less than or equal to about 10 mol % relative to Z-X.
13. The method of any one of claims 1 - 3 , 4 - 7 , and 8 - 11 , wherein the catalyst is present in less than or equal to about 5 mol % relative to Z-X.
14. The method of any one of claims 1 - 3 , 4 - 7 , and 8 - 11 , wherein the method is conducted at a temperature less than about 150 C.
15. The method of any one of claims 1 - 3 , 4 - 7 , and 8 - 11 , wherein the method is conducted at a temperature less than about 140 C.
16. The method of any one of claims 1 - 3 , 4 - 7 , and 8 - 11 , wherein the method is conducted at a temperature less than about 125 C.
17. The method of any one of claims 1 - 3 , 4 - 7 , and 8 - 11 , wherein the method is conducted at a temperature less than about 115 C.
18. A method represented by Scheme 2:
wherein
M represents an alkali metal cation, alkaline earth cation, transition metal cation, lanthanide cation, actinide cation, ammonium ion, or phosphonium ion;
X represents Cl;
Y represents Br;
Z represents optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl or alkenyl; and
catalyst comprises a copper atom or ion, and a ligand selected from the group consisting of ontionally substituted 1,2-diaminoalkane, 1,3-diaminoalkane, and 1,10-phenanthroline.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein M represents a sodium cation, potassium cation or copper cation.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the ligand comprised by the catalyst is an optionally substituted 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, 1,2-diaminoethane, 1,3-diaminopropane, or 1,10-phenanthroline.
21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the ligand comprised by the catalyst is cis-1,2-diaminocyolohexane, trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, a mixture of cis- and trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, cis-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, a mixture of cis- and trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, cis-N-tolyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, trans-N-tolyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, or a mixture of cis- and trans-N-tolyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane.
22. The method of claim 18 , wherein the ligand comprised by the catalyst is trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane or N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine.
23. The method of claim 18 , wherein M represents a sodium cation, potassium cation or copper cation; and the ligand comprised by the catalyst is an optionally substituted 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, 1,2-diaminoalkane, 1,3-diaminoalkane, or 1,10-phenanthroline.
24. The method of claim 18 , wherein M represents a sodium cation, potassium cation or copper cation; and the ligand comprised by the catalyst is an optionally substituted 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, 1,2-diaminoethane, 1,3-diaminopropane, or 1,10-phenanthroline.
25. The method of claim 18 , wherein M represents a sodium cation, potassium cation or copper cation; and the ligand comprised by the catalyst is cis-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, a mixture of cis- and trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, cis-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, a mixture of cis- and trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, cis-N-tolyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, trans-N-tolyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, or a mixture of cis- and trans-N-tolyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane.
26. The method of claim 18 , wherein M represents a sodium cation, potassium cation or copper cation; and the ligand comprised by the catalyst is trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane or N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine.
27. The method of claim 18 , wherein the catalyst is present in less than or equal to about 10 mol % relative to Z-X.
28. The method of claim 18 , wherein the catalyst is present in less than or equal to about 5 mol % relative to Z-X.
29. The method of claim 18 , wherein the method is conducted at a temperature less than about 150 C.
30. The method of claim 18 , wherein the method is conducted at a temperature less than about 140 C.
31. The method of claim 18 , wherein the method is conducted at a temperature less than about 125 C.
32. The method of claim 18 , wherein the method is conducted at a temperature less than about 115 C.