Fractional deionization process
A liquid treatment process is described for sequential removal of ionic species of progressively decreasing ionic strength without precipitation or “scaling.” An aspect of the invention includes two or more electrodeionization operations within one or more electrodeionization stacks. The first electrodeionization operation is performed at a voltage calculated to remove strongly ionized species such as calcium and magnesium from the feed water without scaling. The product of the first electrodeionization operation is then subjected to a second electrodeionization operation. The second electrodeionization operation is performed at a voltage the same as the first electrodeionization operation, and is designed to remove more weakly ionized species such as silica and carbon dioxide, preventing scaling. More than two successive electrodeionization operations may be performed if desired. Multiple electrodeionization operations may occur in a single electrodeionization stack or in multiple electrodeionization stacks.
1. An improved electrodeionization stack, wherein a flow path comprises a first stage and a second stage, wherein said first stage comprises a first set of electrodes and said second stage comprises a second set of electrodes, wherein said first set of electrodes has a first voltage and said second set of electrodes has a second voltage, and wherein said second voltage is greater than said first voltage, and wherein said first stage is mechanically and electrically separated from said second stage, said electrodeionization stack having a plurality of membranes in each of said first stage and said second stage, wherein at least one cationic membrane and at least one anionic membrane are used across said first stage and said second stage, and wherein said at least one anionic membrane and at least one cationic membrane are insulated between said first stage and said second stage.
2. A liquid purification process comprising the following steps:
(a) providing a feed stream of the liquid to be purified;
(b) treating the feed stream in a first module comprising at least one anode and at least one cathode wherein a first voltage is applied across said at least one anode and said at least one cathode to substantially remove at least a first ionic species that causes scaling from said feed stream to produce a first product stream;
(c) treating the first product stream in a second module comprising at least one anode and at least one cathode, wherein a second voltage the same as said first voltage is applied across said at least one anode and said at least one cathode to substantially remove at least a second ionic species from said first product stream to produce a second product stream, wherein said second module is succeeded by at least one successive module, each said successive module having at least one anode and at least one cathode wherein a voltage different from the voltage of the preceding module is applied across said at least one anode and said at least one cathode, and each said successive module treating the product stream from the preceding module.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein each said successive module produces a successive reject stream.