Measurement of concentrations and binding energetics
Free-standing microfluidic channels are used to both transport and analyze molecules of interest. In a biochemical context, such molecules may be polypeptides, nucleic acids, or other biomolecules. The free-standing channels provide a real-time readout of concentration without the need for labeling with reporter molecules. The channels can also measure enthalpy values and equilibrium constants by detecting heat released from or absorbed by the sample.
1. A method of measuring at least one property relating to a chemical species of interest, the method comprising the steps of:
a. providing an enclosed microfluidic channel formed by a hollow in an elongated projection that projects from a substrate to which the projection is fixed at one end;
b. flowing a fluid containing the species of interest through the channel to cause therein binding between the species of interest and at least a second chemical species, the binding being related to the at least one property and imparting a physical change to the channel, wherein the physical change is bending of the entire channel; and
c. measuring the physical change to characterize the at least one property.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the second chemical species is a capture moiety.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the channel comprises an interior surface to which the capture moiety is bound.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the capture moiety is contained in a gel within the channel.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein the capture moiety is not bound within the channel.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the property is concentration of the species of interest.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the property is binding energy between the species of interest and the second chemical species.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the channel comprises a thermal bimorph, the bending resulting from differential thermal expansion and indicating heat released by binding.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the second chemical species is non-uniformly active within the channel, the bending resulting from differential surface stresses.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the bending is detected optically.
11. A method of measuring concentration of a chemical species of interest, the method comprising the steps of:
a. providing an enclosed microfluidic channel formed by a hollow in an elongated projection that projects from a substrate to which the projection is fixed at one end;
b. flowing a fluid containing the species of interest through the channel to cause therein binding between the species of interest and at least one capture moiety bound to an interior surface of the channel or contained in a gel within the channel; the binding being related to the concentration of the species of interest and imparting a physical change to the channel, wherein the channel has a mechanical resonant frequency and the physical change is alteration of the mechanical resonant frequency of the channel in relation to a mass of the species of interest; and
c. measuring the physical change to characterize the concentration of the species of interest.