Dialysate regeneration system for portable human dialysis
A dialysate regeneration chamber is provided. In one embodiment, the dialysate regeneration chamber may include a toxin trap configured to selectively trap toxins and repel select cations.
1. A dialysate regeneration chamber comprising:
a toxin trap configured to selectively trap toxins and repel select cations, wherein the toxin trap includes an ion-selective urease-immobilized activated carbon fiber.
2. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 1 , further comprising a semi-permeable membrane.
3. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 1 , wherein the toxin trap includes an ion-selective barrier.
4. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 3 , wherein the ion-selective barrier includes a physical barrier.
5. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 3 , wherein the ion-selective barrier includes a long chain hydrocarbon moiety.
6. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 3 , wherein the ion-selective barrier includes a carbon barrier.
7. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 3 , wherein the ion-selective barrier is hydrophobic.
8. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 1 , wherein the toxin trap includes a charged microporous region.
9. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 1 , wherein the toxin trap includes at least one enzyme configured to hydrolyze urea.
10. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 9 , wherein the toxin trap includes an immobilized urease.
11. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 1 , wherein the toxin trap is configured to substantially eliminate urea from a dialysate.
12. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 1 , wherein the toxin trap is configured to substantially eliminate uric acid from a dialysate.
13. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 1 , wherein the toxin trap is configured to substantially eliminate creatinine from a dialysate.
14. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 1 , wherein the select cations include one of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , or Na + .
15. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 1 , wherein the select cations are essential cations.
16. A dialysis system comprising the dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 1 .
17. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 1 for use in a hemodiaylsis system.
18. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 1 for use in a peritoneal dialysis system.
19. A dialysate regeneration chamber configured to generate refreshed dialysate from toxin-laden dialysate, the dialysate regeneration chamber comprising:
a dialysate regeneration fabric including ion-selective urease immobilized carbon fibers, the dialysate regeneration fabric configured to selectively effect substantial uptake of toxins from the toxin-laden dialysate to form a refreshed dialysate, the dialysate regeneration fabric further configured to minimize uptake of non-toxins; and
an outflow for release of the refreshed dialysate.
20. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 19 , further comprising an inflow configured to receive the toxin-laden dialysate.
21. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 19 , further comprising an elimination port configured to permit toxins to exit the dialysis regeneration chamber.
22. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 19 , ion-selective urease-immobilized fibers synthesized by oxidizing a fiber, attaching at least one lipid chain, and covalently attaching at least one or more enzymes.
23. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 19 , wherein the dialysate regeneration fabric comprises:
ion-selective urease-immobilized activated carbon fibers comprising:
a fiber with a pore configured to retain charged ions;
a hydrophobic ion-selective barrier substantially comprised of lipid chains attached to the fiber and configured to extend substantially away from the pore of the fiber; and
a urease disposed substantially within the ion-selective barrier.
24. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 23 , wherein the charged ions include ammonium ions.
25. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 19 , wherein the dialysate regeneration fabric is further configured to minimize the uptake of essential cations.
26. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 25 , wherein the essential cations include Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , or Na + .
27. The dialysate regeneration chamber of claim 19 configured to be used in a dialysis system, and further configured to regenerate a volume of refreshed dialysate by effecting substantial uptake of toxins from a volume of spent dialysate.